Strategy and Tactics Chapter 5
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Questions and Answers

When is the annual report for on-duty FF fatalities published?

  • September/October edition of the NFPA journal
  • July/August edition of the NFPA journal (correct)
  • May/June edition of the NFPA journal
  • November/December edition of the NFPA journal

    • What does NFPA 1500 define as an occupational injury?

  • An injury sustained during training exercises
  • An injury sustained during the duties, responsibilities, and functions of an FD member (correct)
  • An injury sustained at home
  • An injury sustained during off-duty activities

    • When was the first edition of NFPA 1500 adopted?

  • 2010
  • 1995
  • 2000
  • 1987 (correct)

    • What is the most important safety factor at the scene of a structure fire?

    <p>A well-organized operation based on a solid risk-benefit analysis utilizing effective tactics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of on-duty FF fatalities at structure fires?

    <p>Cardiac events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what rate are FF fatalities higher in manufacturing occupancies compared to residential occupancies?

    <p>8.7 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should low air alarms sound during a working structure fire?

    <p>33% of the air remaining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows FFs to make a closer approach to the fire in modern PPE?

    <p>Higher level of protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the NFPA categorize vacant structures according to?

    <p>Their former use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In larger buildings, what significantly increases the risk to FFs?

    <p>Heavy fire loads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does an air cylinder rated for 30 minutes usually provide air supply for under strenuous work conditions at a working structure fire?

    <p>Approximately 20 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important element of the incident safety program?

    <p>Applying risk management to fire ground operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the single most important ability the fire officer must acquire?

    <p>Being skilled at recognizing when the risk to FFs lives outweighs the possible benefits of saving lives and property</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors are important in determining the probability of a structure being occupied?

    <p>Occupancy type, time of day, day of the week, and time of year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is flashover?

    <p>Transition from a growing fire to one where all exposed surfaces have ignited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does unintentional venting occur?

    <p>When firefighters open doors or windows to gain access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when wind blows toward a vent opening?

    <p>It tends to reverse the normal flow path due to increased pressure at the opening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 20-minute rule state?

    <p>Structural collapse should be anticipated when a heavy volume of fire is burning out of control on two or more floors for 20 minutes or longer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate test of command?

    <p>Transitioning from an offensive to defensive strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk factor contributes to increased danger for firefighters in basements?

    <p>Limited entry and egress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause a truss to lose its load bearing capacity?

    <p>Losing its triangular configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do solar panels have on roof ventilation?

    <p>They make roof ventilation more difficult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using lightweight construction materials?

    <p>To reduce construction costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do fire reports and experiments confirm about fire dynamics?

    <p>Heated gases travel upward, then horizontally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach for fire attack in a basement with walk-out doors available?

    <p>Use walk-out basement doors as the first choice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a UL study indicate about standard measures to test a floor's stability?

    <p>They provide some indication of an impending collapse but are very late indicators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered when evaluating the collapse potential of a building?

    <p>Live and dead loads, type and location of combustible fuel loads, building renovations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the collapse zone?

    <p>Equal to the height of the building plus an allowance for debris scatter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does coordinated venting aim to achieve?

    <p>Direct the fire out of the building and protect firefighters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for enforcing the requirement of wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) in the hot zone?

    <p>The incident commander (IC) and safety officer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a firefighter do upon discovering a shock hazard at the scene?

    <p>Immediately warn others using urgent or priority radio message</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what area would PPE not be required and where the command post is located?

    <p>Cold zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general rule for the fire perimeter distance to keep unauthorized people away from the scene?

    <p>Two blocks in all directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hot zone in a multistory building most likely to include?

    <p>The fire floor, floors above the fire, and one or two floors below</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does structural stability become compromised during a fire in a building?

    <p>During the growth phase to the fully developed phase of the fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In vent limited fires, what plays a larger role than heat in causing fatal injuries?

    <p>Lack of oxygen and toxic gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the NFPA 1710 defined turnout time for EMS response?

    <p>60 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the travel time defined in NFPA 1710 for full high rise alarm assignment?

    <p>610 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preburn time dependent on?

    <p>Person discovering the fire and calling it in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the turnout time start according to NFPA 1710?

    <p>Receipt of the alarm by the FD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defined turnout time for fire or other special ops response according to NFPA 1710?

    <p>80 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum travel time defined in NFPA 1710 for the 2nd company with a minimum of 4 personnel?

    <p>360 seconds or less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ISO formula 1.7 x distance + 0.65 represent?

    <p>Travel time calculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to NFPA 1710, what is the minimum number of firefighters required for a single family dwelling fire?

    <p>16 FFs (17 if an aerial is used)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the worst scenario from a firefighter safety viewpoint?

    <p>FD arrives near the end of the buildup to flashover with occupant lives at risk in a large, undivided area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process must ordinary solid materials go through to release vapor fuel?

    <p>Pyrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended signal for emergency evacuation?

    <p>Ten 3-second air horn blasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't the safety officer effectively be the accountability officer?

    <p>Safety officer is a mobile position and accountability officer is at a fixed location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of establishing an accountability system on the fire ground?

    <p>To ensure everyone entering the area has a specific assignment and to track all personnel at the scene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended crew size for RIC according to NFPA?

    <p>At least 1 officer and 3 members positioned outside the IDLH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of IRIC according to NFPA?

    <p>To position two members of the initial attack crew outside the IDLH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did studies conducted by Phoenix Fire determine about rescue of a downed firefighter?

    <p>It requires at least 12 firefighters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should the safety officer be separately staffed according to best practices?

    <p>Whenever the IC can no longer effectively monitor safety at the scene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary task of lobby control in high-rise fire operations?

    <p>Managing the stairs and elevators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the second RIC in extended operations?

    <p>Stand ready to extricate FFs once they are found</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred means of egress/access?

    <p>Interior stairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important task to be accomplished early on in a fire incident?

    <p>Effectively laddering the building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of RIC training?

    <p>To be prepared for emergency rescues and maintain safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a firefighter do upon discovering a potential need for assistance?

    <p>Immediately transmit a mayday call</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important aspect of safe interior operations in a structure fire?

    <p>Providing hoseline protection in areas where firefighters are working</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where should the RIC and equipment be located in high-rise operations?

    <p>One or more floors below the fire floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum Thermal Protective Performance (TPP) value for protective coats and trousers?

    <p>35</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does a TPP of 35 provide protection against second degree burns at near flashover temperatures?

    <p>17.5 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended prehydration guideline for firefighters?

    <p>Drink 6-8 ounces of water every 6 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the phases into which rehab can be divided?

    <p>Preincident hydration, incident rehab, postincident recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does informal rehab usually involve?

    <p>Taking place at the company apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should rehab be provided according to NFPA 1584?

    <p>After depletion of a 60-minute bottle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended for cold weather conditions in rehab according to the text?

    <p>Blankets or other covers as a minimum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vitals must be checked before FFs are released from the rehab area?

    <p>Pulse, respiration, and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    NFPA 1500 and Reporting

    • The annual report for on-duty FF fatalities is published annually.
    • NFPA 1500 defines an occupational injury as an injury that occurs during the performance of duty.

    History of NFPA 1500

    • The first edition of NFPA 1500 was adopted in 1987.

    Safety Factors

    • The most important safety factor at the scene of a structure fire is situational awareness.
    • The leading cause of on-duty FF fatalities at structure fires is stress/overexertion.
    • FF fatalities are 2.5 times higher in manufacturing occupancies compared to residential occupancies.

    Air Supply and PPE

    • Low air alarms should sound during a working structure fire when the air supply reaches 33%.
    • Modern PPE allows FFs to make a closer approach to the fire.
    • An air cylinder rated for 30 minutes usually provides an air supply for 20-25 minutes under strenuous work conditions at a working structure fire.

    Incident Safety Program

    • The most important element of the incident safety program is the safety officer.
    • The single most important ability the fire officer must acquire is decision-making.

    Occupancy Factors

    • The factors that determine the probability of a structure being occupied include time of day, season, and type of occupancy.
    • The NFPA categorizes vacant structures as those with no occupancy for 30 days.

    Structure Fires

    • Flashover occurs when the heat from a fire causes all combustible materials in a room to ignite simultaneously.
    • Unintentional venting occurs when windows break, and wind blows toward a vent opening.
    • In larger buildings, the risk to FFs increases due to more complex layouts, longer response times, and higher hazard occupancy.

    Trusses and Roof Ventilation

    • A truss can lose its load-bearing capacity due to damage, decay, or burning.
    • Solar panels on roofs hinder ventilation and can cause FFs to trip or fall.

    Fire Dynamics

    • Fire reports and experiments confirm that fire dynamics are complex and unpredictable.

    Basement Fires

    • The recommended approach for fire attack in a basement with walk-out doors available is to use the walk-out doors for access.

    UL Study

    • A UL study indicates that standard measures are not sufficient to test a floor's stability.

    Building Evaluation

    • The collapse potential of a building is considered based on factors like construction type, age, and damage.

    Coordinated Venting

    • Coordinated venting aims to create a clear escape route for occupants and FFs.

    PPE and Hot Zone

    • The hot zone is the area where FFs are operating, and PPE is required.
    • The general rule for the fire perimeter distance is to keep unauthorized people at least 300 feet away from the scene.

    Command Post

    • The command post is located outside the hot zone, where PPE is not required.

    NFPA 1710

    • The NFPA 1710 defined turnout time for EMS response is 90 seconds.
    • The travel time defined in NFPA 1710 for full high-rise alarm assignment is 4 minutes.
    • The preburn time is dependent on the time of arrival and the initial response.
    • The turnout time starts when the alarm is received according to NFPA 1710.
    • The defined turnout time for fire or other special ops response is 80 seconds.
    • The maximum travel time defined in NFPA 1710 for the 2nd company with a minimum of 4 personnel is 4 minutes.

    ISO Formula

    • The ISO formula 1.7 x distance + 0.65 represents the travel time for firefighting responses.

    Safety and Rehab

    • The primary purpose of establishing an accountability system on the fire ground is to ensure all personnel are accounted for.
    • The recommended signal for emergency evacuation is a whistle or air horn.

    RIC and IRIC

    • The recommended crew size for RIC is 2-4 personnel according to NFPA.
    • The primary role of IRIC is to provide rescue and treatment for downed firefighters.

    Firefighter Safety

    • The worst scenario from a firefighter safety viewpoint is a multi-story building with a basement and no safety features.
    • Ordinary solid materials must undergo pyrolysis to release vapor fuel.

    Safety Officer

    • The safety officer cannot be the accountability officer, as it creates a conflict of interest.

    High-Rise Operations

    • The primary task of lobby control in high-rise fire operations is to control access and egress.
    • The role of the second RIC in extended operations is to provide backup and relief.

    Thermal Protective Performance (TPP)

    • The minimum TPP value for protective coats and trousers is 35.
    • A TPP of 35 provides protection against second-degree burns at near flashover temperatures for 17-20 minutes.

    Rehab and Prehydration

    • The recommended prehydration guideline for firefighters is to drink 16-20 ounces of water 1-2 hours before incident response.
    • Rehab can be divided into phases, including cooling, rehydration, and rehabilitation.
    • Informal rehab usually involves providing water, electrolyte-rich drinks, and snacks.
    • Rehab should be provided according to NFPA 1584, which recommends rehab every 20-30 minutes or when a firefighter's heart rate exceeds 180 bpm.
    • In cold weather conditions, rehab should provide warmth, dry clothing, and hot beverages.

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