Inca and Ancient Egyptian Civilizations

A process of removing a section of the skull, often used for treating head injuries.

A type of Inca surgeon who specialized in setting bones, treating abscesses, and removing teeth.

The Inca used medicinal plants such as coca leaves, wild tobacco, chicha, and maize beer for various medical purposes.

The ancient Egyptians used a system of hieroglyphic symbols to represent numbers, with each symbol representing a specific quantity.

A tool used by the ancient Egyptians to lift water from a lower level to a higher level, similar to a seesaw.

The period in ancient Egypt when the Nile River flooded, leading to fertile soil and the start of the growing season.

The period in ancient Egypt when crops were planted and grew.

The period in ancient Egypt when crops were harvested before the Nile river flooded again.

Tools used by the ancient Egyptians for farming, including winnowing scoops, hoes, rakes, flint-bladed sickles, and ploughs.

Ancient Egyptians believed in the power of prayer to heal, but they also used natural remedies like herbs.

An ancient Egyptian invention, the ox-drawn plow revolutionized agriculture, using the power of oxen to pull the plow. It's still used in many parts of the world.

A curved blade used for harvesting grain, such as wheat and barley, the sickle was an important tool in ancient Egyptian agriculture.

Ancient Egyptians created canals and ditches to direct the Nile's yearly floodwaters to fields. This system brought water to areas that needed it.

The ancient Egyptians invented a variety of medical surgeries, with tools and procedures detailed in their medical texts. They were skilled surgeons for their time.

A form of hair removal, used to keep heads clean and prevent pests like lice, wig-wearing became fashionable in ancient Egypt, with many people opting for elaborate wigs.

Ancient Egyptians created eye makeup, a mixture of soot and galena (a lead mineral), known as kohl. This black ointment was used for both beauty and protection.

Ancient Egyptians used a mixture of ingredients like powdered ox hooves, ashes, and eggshells to create a toothpaste. This demonstrates their interest in oral hygiene.

Used for building ships and writing, the papyrus plant was a valuable resource in ancient Egypt. After processing, its fibers were used to create paper.

The Egyptians developed a complex mummification process, preserving bodies with detailed techniques. This practice revealed information about their diseases and health.

The Spanish government's policy of granting land to Spanish military personnel as a reward for their service. This led to the displacement of Filipino peasants from their land.

The system where Spanish authorities granted certain areas of land to native communities for cultivation. This system was introduced by the colonial government.

The Spanish government's two royal decrees, the Decreto Realengga and Maura Law, aimed to assert control over land ownership in the Philippines.

The Spanish government's attempt to regulate land ownership, but this led to many Filipino peasants losing their land due to legal complexities and exploitation by landowners.

Filipino peasants, often unaware of legal processes or Spanish instructions, were slow to register their land ownership. This created opportunities for Spanish landowners to claim their land.

Landownership was a major point of conflict during the Spanish era in the Philippines due to the Spanish imposition of land policies and displacement of Filipino peasants.

Spanish landowners exploited the legal system and the ignorance of Filipino peasants to claim land that was rightfully theirs. This led to widespread displacement.

A system where the Spanish government took control of land ownership and reduced native Filipinos to tenants on their own ancestral lands. This led to significant social and economic inequality.

A type of traditional healing practiced by indigenous Filipinos, primarily using plants and herbs for medicinal purposes.

A Spanish Jesuit missionary who documented the use of plants and herbs for medicinal purposes by Filipinos in the 17th century.