Podcast
Questions and Answers
Why is the immune system considered vital for survival?
Why is the immune system considered vital for survival?
- To trigger allergies and autoimmunity
- To protect against infectious pathogens and cancer development (correct)
- To increase the incidence of certain cancers
- To cause tissue injury and disease
What can happen when individuals have immune deficiencies?
What can happen when individuals have immune deficiencies?
- Increased susceptibility to infections and certain cancers (correct)
- Increased resistance to infections
- Enhanced immune responses
- Decreased incidence of certain cancers
Which of the following is an example of a disorder caused by immune responses?
Which of the following is an example of a disorder caused by immune responses?
- Allergies (correct)
- Heart disease
- Muscle atrophy
- Diabetes
What type of diseases are discussed in the chapter related to immunologic reactivity?
What type of diseases are discussed in the chapter related to immunologic reactivity?
In which disease is an abnormal protein, sometimes derived from immunoglobulins, deposited in tissues?
In which disease is an abnormal protein, sometimes derived from immunoglobulins, deposited in tissues?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity?
Which type of immunity is conventionally referred to as the immune response?
Which type of immunity is conventionally referred to as the immune response?
Which component of the immune system provides immediate defense against microbes and damaged cells?
Which component of the immune system provides immediate defense against microbes and damaged cells?
What type of antigens does autoimmunity typically target?
What type of antigens does autoimmunity typically target?
Which immunity category involves mechanisms that adapt to exposure to foreign substances?
Which immunity category involves mechanisms that adapt to exposure to foreign substances?
What term describes the immediate protective host reactions induced by innate immunity?
What term describes the immediate protective host reactions induced by innate immunity?
Which immunity type is considered the first line of defense against infectious pathogens?
Which immunity type is considered the first line of defense against infectious pathogens?
Which term refers to the intrinsic mechanisms that react immediately to provide defense?
Which term refers to the intrinsic mechanisms that react immediately to provide defense?
Which cells are primarily responsible for phagocytosing invaders in the blood?
Which cells are primarily responsible for phagocytosing invaders in the blood?
What is the main function of tissue-resident macrophages like Kupffer cells in the liver?
What is the main function of tissue-resident macrophages like Kupffer cells in the liver?
Which plasma proteins are involved in the innate immune response and can be found in the complement system?
Which plasma proteins are involved in the innate immune response and can be found in the complement system?
What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune system?
What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune system?
Which type of cells produce antimicrobial molecules like defensins in the body?
Which type of cells produce antimicrobial molecules like defensins in the body?
What is the origin of some tissue-resident macrophages like microglia in the brain?
What is the origin of some tissue-resident macrophages like microglia in the brain?
Innate lymphoid cells contribute to innate immunity by primarily functioning as:
Innate lymphoid cells contribute to innate immunity by primarily functioning as:
Which type of barrier plays a vital role in preventing microbial entry into the body?
Which type of barrier plays a vital role in preventing microbial entry into the body?
What is the primary function of dendritic cells?
What is the primary function of dendritic cells?
How do dendritic cells differ from macrophages?
How do dendritic cells differ from macrophages?
What is the role of cytokines secreted by dendritic cells?
What is the role of cytokines secreted by dendritic cells?
What distinguishes innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) from T lymphocytes?
What distinguishes innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) from T lymphocytes?
Which immune cells serve as sentinels that detect danger and initiate innate immune responses?
Which immune cells serve as sentinels that detect danger and initiate innate immune responses?
What is the main function of natural killer (NK) cells in immunity?
What is the main function of natural killer (NK) cells in immunity?
Which cell type plays a crucial role in innate immunity by activating other immune cells through the production of inflammatory cytokines?
Which cell type plays a crucial role in innate immunity by activating other immune cells through the production of inflammatory cytokines?
Which plasma protein is involved in innate immunity and coats microbes to promote phagocytosis?
Which plasma protein is involved in innate immunity and coats microbes to promote phagocytosis?
Which pathway of the complement system may be activated by antibody-antigen complexes during adaptive immune responses?
Which pathway of the complement system may be activated by antibody-antigen complexes during adaptive immune responses?
Which cell type provides protection against intracellular bacteria and viruses, serving as a first line of defense in innate immunity?
Which cell type provides protection against intracellular bacteria and viruses, serving as a first line of defense in innate immunity?
What is the main function of lung surfactant in innate immunity?
What is the main function of lung surfactant in innate immunity?
Which group of T cells is responsible for producing inflammatory cytokines and is essential in the early phases of immune reactions?
Which group of T cells is responsible for producing inflammatory cytokines and is essential in the early phases of immune reactions?
Which circulating protein plays a role in innate immunity by promoting phagocytosis through coating microbes?
Which circulating protein plays a role in innate immunity by promoting phagocytosis through coating microbes?
Which cell type is capable of reacting to microbes and producing mediators of inflammation, playing a role in innate immunity?
Which cell type is capable of reacting to microbes and producing mediators of inflammation, playing a role in innate immunity?
Which mechanism is involved in complement activation through the alternative pathway during innate immune responses?
Which mechanism is involved in complement activation through the alternative pathway during innate immune responses?
What is the primary function of mannose-binding lectin in the innate immune response?
What is the primary function of mannose-binding lectin in the innate immune response?
What structures are recognized by cellular receptors participating in innate immunity?
What structures are recognized by cellular receptors participating in innate immunity?
Which family of receptors includes the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that are essential for host defense against microbes?
Which family of receptors includes the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that are essential for host defense against microbes?
Where are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) located within cells?
Where are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) located within cells?
What is the function of NOD-like receptors (NLRs) in the immune response?
What is the function of NOD-like receptors (NLRs) in the immune response?
Which protein is activated by the inflammasome to generate the biologically active form of interleukin-1 (IL-1)?
Which protein is activated by the inflammasome to generate the biologically active form of interleukin-1 (IL-1)?
What type of mutations in NLRs can result in periodic fever syndromes called autoinflammatory syndromes?
What type of mutations in NLRs can result in periodic fever syndromes called autoinflammatory syndromes?
Which transcription factors are activated by Toll-like receptors to stimulate cytokine synthesis and adhesion molecules expression?
Which transcription factors are activated by Toll-like receptors to stimulate cytokine synthesis and adhesion molecules expression?
What do pattern recognition receptors detect within cells?
What do pattern recognition receptors detect within cells?
What is the main function of the inflammasome in the immune response?
What is the main function of the inflammasome in the immune response?
Which molecules are recognized by NOD-like receptors (NLRs) as signs of danger or damage?
Which molecules are recognized by NOD-like receptors (NLRs) as signs of danger or damage?
What is the main function of STING pathway activation?
What is the main function of STING pathway activation?
Which receptor enables neutrophils to detect bacterial proteins?
Which receptor enables neutrophils to detect bacterial proteins?
What is the role of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by NK cells?
What is the role of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by NK cells?
How do NK cell inhibitory receptors contribute to immune function?
How do NK cell inhibitory receptors contribute to immune function?
Which cytokine activates macrophages to destroy ingested microbes?
Which cytokine activates macrophages to destroy ingested microbes?
What triggers the vascular and cellular components of inflammation during innate immune reactions?
What triggers the vascular and cellular components of inflammation during innate immune reactions?
How do Natural Killer (NK) cells contribute to early defense against intracellular microbial infections?
How do Natural Killer (NK) cells contribute to early defense against intracellular microbial infections?
What is the primary function of IL-12 in the immune response?
What is the primary function of IL-12 in the immune response?
What is the main mechanism by which NK cells engage abnormal or infected cells?
What is the main mechanism by which NK cells engage abnormal or infected cells?
How do mannose receptors contribute to innate immunity?
How do mannose receptors contribute to innate immunity?
What is the enzyme that is converted from an inactive to an active form in the inflammasome pathway?
What is the enzyme that is converted from an inactive to an active form in the inflammasome pathway?
Which protein complex recognizes products of dead cells and some microbes to induce the secretion of interleukin I?
Which protein complex recognizes products of dead cells and some microbes to induce the secretion of interleukin I?
In the inflammasome pathway, what role does the adapter play?
In the inflammasome pathway, what role does the adapter play?
Which cellular receptor family participates in recognizing urate crystals, lipids, and cholesterol crystals in various inflammatory conditions?
Which cellular receptor family participates in recognizing urate crystals, lipids, and cholesterol crystals in various inflammatory conditions?
What is the main outcome of the inflammasome pathway activation in response to urate crystals during gout inflammation?
What is the main outcome of the inflammasome pathway activation in response to urate crystals during gout inflammation?
Which type of inflammation is associated with obesity-related type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis due to abnormal deposition of cholesterol crystals?
Which type of inflammation is associated with obesity-related type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis due to abnormal deposition of cholesterol crystals?
Which class of receptors are responsible for detecting fungal glycans and eliciting inflammatory reactions to fungi on macrophages and dendritic cells?
Which class of receptors are responsible for detecting fungal glycans and eliciting inflammatory reactions to fungi on macrophages and dendritic cells?
What happens when infected or stressed cells reduce class I MHC expression?
What happens when infected or stressed cells reduce class I MHC expression?
How do NK cells respond to healthy cells expressing ligands for activating receptors?
How do NK cells respond to healthy cells expressing ligands for activating receptors?
What is the primary function of inhibitory receptors in NK cells' interactions with healthy cells?
What is the primary function of inhibitory receptors in NK cells' interactions with healthy cells?
How do NK cells contribute to defense against virus-infected cells?
How do NK cells contribute to defense against virus-infected cells?
What distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity in terms of memory?
What distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity in terms of memory?
How many different receptors does innate immunity use to recognize molecular patterns?
How many different receptors does innate immunity use to recognize molecular patterns?
What is the result of reduced class I MHC expression in infected or stressed cells?
What is the result of reduced class I MHC expression in infected or stressed cells?
Which type of immunity lacks memory or fine antigen specificity?
Which type of immunity lacks memory or fine antigen specificity?
What stimulates the more powerful adaptive immune response following innate immunity's defense functions?
What stimulates the more powerful adaptive immune response following innate immunity's defense functions?
How do inhibitory receptors help in preventing NK cells from attacking normal cells?
How do inhibitory receptors help in preventing NK cells from attacking normal cells?
What is the role of humoral immunity in the adaptive immune system?
What is the role of humoral immunity in the adaptive immune system?
What is the key feature that differentiates effector cells from memory cells in adaptive immunity?
What is the key feature that differentiates effector cells from memory cells in adaptive immunity?
What term describes lymphocytes that have not encountered the specific antigen they are programmed to attack?
What term describes lymphocytes that have not encountered the specific antigen they are programmed to attack?
How do B lymphocytes contribute to adaptive immunity?
How do B lymphocytes contribute to adaptive immunity?
What is the main function of cellular immunity in the adaptive immune system?
What is the main function of cellular immunity in the adaptive immune system?
What is the process called when lymphocytes differentiate into effector and memory cells upon antigen recognition?
What is the process called when lymphocytes differentiate into effector and memory cells upon antigen recognition?
Which immune cells express highly diverse receptors to recognize a wide variety of foreign substances?
Which immune cells express highly diverse receptors to recognize a wide variety of foreign substances?
How do lymphocytes of adaptive immunity interact with one another in lymphoid organs?
How do lymphocytes of adaptive immunity interact with one another in lymphoid organs?
What is the primary mediator of humoral immunity? (in terms of secreted products)
What is the primary mediator of humoral immunity? (in terms of secreted products)
What enzyme mediates recombination of gene segments in developing lymphocytes to generate antigen receptor diversity?
What enzyme mediates recombination of gene segments in developing lymphocytes to generate antigen receptor diversity?
Where does DNA sequence variation occur during the assembly of gene segments in lymphocyte maturation?
Where does DNA sequence variation occur during the assembly of gene segments in lymphocyte maturation?
Which cells contain recombined antigen receptor genes that result from somatic recombination?
Which cells contain recombined antigen receptor genes that result from somatic recombination?
What is the outcome of inherited defects in RAG proteins regarding lymphocyte development?
What is the outcome of inherited defects in RAG proteins regarding lymphocyte development?
In which regions of the antigen receptors do diverse amino acid sequences occur due to recombination of gene segments?
In which regions of the antigen receptors do diverse amino acid sequences occur due to recombination of gene segments?
Which cells contain recombined genes encoding TCR in T cells and Ig in B cells, leading to diverse antigen receptor generation?
Which cells contain recombined genes encoding TCR in T cells and Ig in B cells, leading to diverse antigen receptor generation?
What is the enzyme product that facilitates the recombination of gene segments in developing lymphocytes?
What is the enzyme product that facilitates the recombination of gene segments in developing lymphocytes?
How can polyclonal (nonneoplastic) lymphocyte proliferations be distinguished from monoclonal (neoplastic) lymphoid tumors?
How can polyclonal (nonneoplastic) lymphocyte proliferations be distinguished from monoclonal (neoplastic) lymphoid tumors?
What is the role of Helper T lymphocytes in the immune system?
What is the role of Helper T lymphocytes in the immune system?
What distinguishes polyclonal (nonneoplastic) lymphocyte proliferations from monoclonal (neoplastic) lymphoid tumors?
What distinguishes polyclonal (nonneoplastic) lymphocyte proliferations from monoclonal (neoplastic) lymphoid tumors?
How are assays that assess the clonality of antigen receptor gene rearrangements helpful in diagnosing lymphoid neoplasms?
How are assays that assess the clonality of antigen receptor gene rearrangements helpful in diagnosing lymphoid neoplasms?
What is the function of cytotoxic (killer) T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the immune system?
What is the function of cytotoxic (killer) T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the immune system?
Which gene rearrangements can differentiate nonneoplastic from neoplastic lymphoid cells?
Which gene rearrangements can differentiate nonneoplastic from neoplastic lymphoid cells?
In diagnosing lymphoid neoplasms, what is the significance of unique DNA rearrangements in each T or B cell and its progeny?
In diagnosing lymphoid neoplasms, what is the significance of unique DNA rearrangements in each T or B cell and its progeny?
How do T lymphocytes recognize specific antigens?
How do T lymphocytes recognize specific antigens?
What is the role of the CD3 and δ proteins in T cells?
What is the role of the CD3 and δ proteins in T cells?
What is the significance of MHC restriction in the immune system?
What is the significance of MHC restriction in the immune system?
How many polypeptide chains are noncovalently linked to each T cell receptor (TCR)?
How many polypeptide chains are noncovalently linked to each T cell receptor (TCR)?
Which region of the αβ TCR is responsible for binding to specific antigens?
Which region of the αβ TCR is responsible for binding to specific antigens?
What is the main function of regulatory lymphocytes?
What is the main function of regulatory lymphocytes?
Where do T lymphocytes develop from precursors?
Where do T lymphocytes develop from precursors?
What is the composition of the TCR in approximately 95% of T cells?
What is the composition of the TCR in approximately 95% of T cells?
What ensures that T cells only see cell-associated antigens?
What ensures that T cells only see cell-associated antigens?
Where do yδ T cells tend to aggregate?
Where do yδ T cells tend to aggregate?
Which subset of T cells express markers found on NK cells?
Which subset of T cells express markers found on NK cells?
What is the main function of CD8+ T cells?
What is the main function of CD8+ T cells?
Which molecules initiate signals necessary for T cell activation?
Which molecules initiate signals necessary for T cell activation?
What is the role of integrins in T-cell function?
What is the role of integrins in T-cell function?
Which proteins are found on the surface of all mature, naive B cells?
Which proteins are found on the surface of all mature, naive B cells?
Which cells differentiate into plasma cells after stimulation by antigen?
Which cells differentiate into plasma cells after stimulation by antigen?
What is the estimated secretion rate of antibody molecules by a single plasma cell?
What is the estimated secretion rate of antibody molecules by a single plasma cell?
Which receptor complex is responsible for antigen recognition in B lymphocytes?
Which receptor complex is responsible for antigen recognition in B lymphocytes?
Which immune cells are called sentinels for protecting against microbes trying to enter through epithelia?
Which immune cells are called sentinels for protecting against microbes trying to enter through epithelia?
What proteins are essential for signal transduction in response to antigen recognition in B cells?
What proteins are essential for signal transduction in response to antigen recognition in B cells?
Which molecule is used by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as a receptor to enter and infect B cells?
Which molecule is used by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as a receptor to enter and infect B cells?
Which cells are the most important antigen-presenting cells for initiating T-cell responses against protein antigens?
Which cells are the most important antigen-presenting cells for initiating T-cell responses against protein antigens?
Where are dendritic cells located to capture antigens effectively?
Where are dendritic cells located to capture antigens effectively?
What feature of dendritic cells accounts for their key role in antigen presentation?
What feature of dendritic cells accounts for their key role in antigen presentation?
What are immature dendritic cells called within the epidermis?
What are immature dendritic cells called within the epidermis?
What do interdigitating DCs resemble due to their numerous fine cytoplasmic processes?
What do interdigitating DCs resemble due to their numerous fine cytoplasmic processes?
Which cells play a significant role in presenting antigens to naive T cells in lymphoid organs?
Which cells play a significant role in presenting antigens to naive T cells in lymphoid organs?
Which cell type is ideally located to present antigens to naive T cells in lymphoid organs?
Which cell type is ideally located to present antigens to naive T cells in lymphoid organs?
What is the specific cell type that traps antigens bound to antibodies or complement proteins in germinal centers?
What is the specific cell type that traps antigens bound to antibodies or complement proteins in germinal centers?
Which cell type plays a role in humoral immune responses by presenting antigens to B cells in the germinal center?
Which cell type plays a role in humoral immune responses by presenting antigens to B cells in the germinal center?
In which type of immunity do macrophages function as key effector cells for eliminating intracellular microbes?
In which type of immunity do macrophages function as key effector cells for eliminating intracellular microbes?
Where do T cells primarily develop within the immune system?
Where do T cells primarily develop within the immune system?
Which of the following is a secondary lymphoid organ where adaptive immune responses occur?
Which of the following is a secondary lymphoid organ where adaptive immune responses occur?
What is the primary function of the spleen in immune responses?
What is the primary function of the spleen in immune responses?
Where are cutaneous lymphoid systems located?
Where are cutaneous lymphoid systems located?
What is the role of antigen-presenting cells in lymph nodes?
What is the role of antigen-presenting cells in lymph nodes?
What makes lymph nodes the site where the majority of adaptive immune responses occur?
What makes lymph nodes the site where the majority of adaptive immune responses occur?
What functions do dendritic cells perform in the immune response?
What functions do dendritic cells perform in the immune response?
Where is mucosal lymphoid tissue located?
Where is mucosal lymphoid tissue located?
Where are the T lymphocytes concentrated in lymph nodes?
Where are the T lymphocytes concentrated in lymph nodes?
What are the primary regions where immune responses are initiated in secondary lymphoid organs?
What are the primary regions where immune responses are initiated in secondary lymphoid organs?
Where do B cells primarily reside in the spleen?
Where do B cells primarily reside in the spleen?
What is the main function of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in lymph nodes?
What is the main function of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in lymph nodes?
Where are effector lymphocytes required to migrate in response to infection?
Where are effector lymphocytes required to migrate in response to infection?
Which region of the spleen contains T lymphocytes surrounding arterioles?
Which region of the spleen contains T lymphocytes surrounding arterioles?
What is the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in secondary lymphoid organs?
What is the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in secondary lymphoid organs?
What is the main function of the paracortex region in lymph nodes?
What is the main function of the paracortex region in lymph nodes?
What component of secondary lymphoid organs contains germinal centers if there has been an antigen response?
What component of secondary lymphoid organs contains germinal centers if there has been an antigen response?
In which region of the spleen do B cells mainly reside?
In which region of the spleen do B cells mainly reside?
What is the main function of MHC molecules in adaptive immunity?
What is the main function of MHC molecules in adaptive immunity?
Why are MHC molecules important in the context of autoimmune diseases?
Why are MHC molecules important in the context of autoimmune diseases?
What term describes the characteristic of the HLA system having thousands of distinct gene alleles in humans?
What term describes the characteristic of the HLA system having thousands of distinct gene alleles in humans?
Where are Class I MHC molecules primarily expressed?
Where are Class I MHC molecules primarily expressed?
What is the significance of MHC gene products being divided into two major classes?
What is the significance of MHC gene products being divided into two major classes?
How does the polymorphism of the HLA system impact organ transplantation?
How does the polymorphism of the HLA system impact organ transplantation?
What is the primary reason for naming human MHC molecules as human leukocyte antigens (HLA)?
What is the primary reason for naming human MHC molecules as human leukocyte antigens (HLA)?
What forms the cleft where peptides bind in class I MHC molecules?
What forms the cleft where peptides bind in class I MHC molecules?
Which cells recognize peptides bound to class I MHC molecules?
Which cells recognize peptides bound to class I MHC molecules?
Where are cytoplasmic proteins degraded to produce peptides that bind to class I MHC molecules?
Where are cytoplasmic proteins degraded to produce peptides that bind to class I MHC molecules?
What is the role of 2-microglobulin in class I MHC molecules?
What is the role of 2-microglobulin in class I MHC molecules?
Which genes encode the a chains of class I MHC molecules?
Which genes encode the a chains of class I MHC molecules?
Which cells recognize peptides presented by class I MHC molecules?
Which cells recognize peptides presented by class I MHC molecules?
What kind of antigens do class I MHC molecules present?
What kind of antigens do class I MHC molecules present?
What is the function of the polymorphic amino acid residues in class I MCH molecules?
What is the function of the polymorphic amino acid residues in class I MCH molecules?
Which proteins mediate communications between leukocytes according to the text?
Which proteins mediate communications between leukocytes according to the text?
In innate immune responses, what do cytokines primarily function to induce?
In innate immune responses, what do cytokines primarily function to induce?
Which cells are the major sources of cytokines like TNF and IL-1 in innate immune responses?
Which cells are the major sources of cytokines like TNF and IL-1 in innate immune responses?
What is the primary function of most cytokines in terms of action on neighboring cells?
What is the primary function of most cytokines in terms of action on neighboring cells?
Which immune cells produce cytokines principally in adaptive immune responses?
Which immune cells produce cytokines principally in adaptive immune responses?
What is the term used for the actions of cytokines on neighboring cells?
What is the term used for the actions of cytokines on neighboring cells?
Which type of cells can also produce cytokines in addition to macrophages and DCs?
Which type of cells can also produce cytokines in addition to macrophages and DCs?
What effect do cytokines have on virus replication in innate immune responses?
What effect do cytokines have on virus replication in innate immune responses?
Which group of molecules mediates communications between leukocytes?
Which group of molecules mediates communications between leukocytes?
What is the main role of molecularly defined cytokines according to the text?
What is the main role of molecularly defined cytokines according to the text?
What role do CD8+ T cells play in the immune system?
What role do CD8+ T cells play in the immune system?
How are CD8+ T cells restricted in their recognition of antigens?
How are CD8+ T cells restricted in their recognition of antigens?
What is the function of B-microglobulin in MHC class I molecules?
What is the function of B-microglobulin in MHC class I molecules?
What is the significance of the crystal structure of class II MHC molecules?
What is the significance of the crystal structure of class II MHC molecules?
Where are class II MHC molecules encoded?
Where are class II MHC molecules encoded?
What differentiates class I MHC-restricted CD8+ T cells from other T cell subsets?
What differentiates class I MHC-restricted CD8+ T cells from other T cell subsets?
What is the primary function of the CD8+ T cell receptor (TCR) in antigen recognition?
What is the primary function of the CD8+ T cell receptor (TCR) in antigen recognition?
How do CD8+ T cells interact with MHC-peptide complexes?
How do CD8+ T cells interact with MHC-peptide complexes?
What is the significance of the HLA genes' polymorphism in the immune system?
What is the significance of the HLA genes' polymorphism in the immune system?
Why are grafts exchanged between individuals with different MHC profiles often rejected by the immune system?
Why are grafts exchanged between individuals with different MHC profiles often rejected by the immune system?
Which cells recognize antigens only in the context of self class II molecules?
Which cells recognize antigens only in the context of self class II molecules?
What role do class II MHC molecules play in the immune response?
What role do class II MHC molecules play in the immune response?
Why do siblings have a 1 in 4 chance of sharing the same MHC profile?
Why do siblings have a 1 in 4 chance of sharing the same MHC profile?
Which region plays a crucial role in segregating cytoplasmic and internalized antigens for the appropriate immune response?
Which region plays a crucial role in segregating cytoplasmic and internalized antigens for the appropriate immune response?
What is the primary function of CD4+ T cells in the immune system?
What is the primary function of CD4+ T cells in the immune system?
How do class II MHC molecules differ from class I MHC molecules in terms of antigen presentation?
How do class II MHC molecules differ from class I MHC molecules in terms of antigen presentation?
'Helper cells' in the immune system primarily interact with which type of molecule on cell surfaces?
'Helper cells' in the immune system primarily interact with which type of molecule on cell surfaces?
What type of immune response is mainly triggered by class II MHC molecules presenting antigens?
What type of immune response is mainly triggered by class II MHC molecules presenting antigens?
What is the primary function of adjuvants given with a protein antigen during immunization?
What is the primary function of adjuvants given with a protein antigen during immunization?
Which cells are responsible for carrying microbial antigens to draining lymph nodes?
Which cells are responsible for carrying microbial antigens to draining lymph nodes?
In the immune response to tumors and transplants, what may provide 'signal 2' for activating adaptive immunity?
In the immune response to tumors and transplants, what may provide 'signal 2' for activating adaptive immunity?
Which cytokines are mainly responsible for promoting lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation?
Which cytokines are mainly responsible for promoting lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation?
Which molecules function cooperatively to activate antigen-specific lymphocytes during innate immune responses?
Which molecules function cooperatively to activate antigen-specific lymphocytes during innate immune responses?
Which type of cytokines primarily serve to limit and terminate immune responses?
Which type of cytokines primarily serve to limit and terminate immune responses?
What is the main role of Br proteins (CD80 and CD86) in immune responses?
What is the main role of Br proteins (CD80 and CD86) in immune responses?
Which cells produce colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) to stimulate blood cell colony formation?
Which cells produce colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) to stimulate blood cell colony formation?
Which receptors on innate immune cells recognize microbial antigens initially?
Which receptors on innate immune cells recognize microbial antigens initially?
What practical therapeutic applications have been derived from knowledge about cytokines?
What practical therapeutic applications have been derived from knowledge about cytokines?
During immune responses, what ensures that adaptive immunity is triggered by microbes and not harmless substances?
During immune responses, what ensures that adaptive immunity is triggered by microbes and not harmless substances?
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis often respond well to which type of therapy mentioned in the text?
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis often respond well to which type of therapy mentioned in the text?
What is the first line of defense in immune responses that also activates adaptive immunity?
What is the first line of defense in immune responses that also activates adaptive immunity?
Which cells primarily produce GM-CSF and IL-3 among others?
Which cells primarily produce GM-CSF and IL-3 among others?
Which cells use membrane-bound antibody molecules to recognize various chemical types of antigens?
Which cells use membrane-bound antibody molecules to recognize various chemical types of antigens?
What is the function of IL-10 in immune responses?
What is the function of IL-10 in immune responses?
'Signal 1' in immune responses refers to the recognition of antigens complexed with which molecules on the cell surface?
'Signal 1' in immune responses refers to the recognition of antigens complexed with which molecules on the cell surface?
Which cytokines stimulate hematopoiesis?
Which cytokines stimulate hematopoiesis?
What is the result of inhibiting cytokine production or actions according to the text?
What is the result of inhibiting cytokine production or actions according to the text?
Which group of cytokines is associated with promoting lymphocyte proliferation among others?
Which group of cytokines is associated with promoting lymphocyte proliferation among others?
Which cells secrete the cytokine IFN-$ ext{γ}$, a potent macrophage activator?
Which cells secrete the cytokine IFN-$ ext{γ}$, a potent macrophage activator?
What stimulates B cells to differentiate into IgE-secreting plasma cells?
What stimulates B cells to differentiate into IgE-secreting plasma cells?
During classical macrophage activation, which combination of factors results in the production of microbicidal substances?
During classical macrophage activation, which combination of factors results in the production of microbicidal substances?
Which cells bind to IgE-coated microbes like helminthic parasites to eliminate them?
Which cells bind to IgE-coated microbes like helminthic parasites to eliminate them?
Which cells induce the production of eosinophils in the marrow and activate eosinophils at immune response sites?
Which cells induce the production of eosinophils in the marrow and activate eosinophils at immune response sites?
What is the main function of Th1 subset cells?
What is the main function of Th1 subset cells?
Which molecules are engaged during the interaction where CD4+ helper T cells recognize antigens displayed by macrophages or B lymphocytes?
Which molecules are engaged during the interaction where CD4+ helper T cells recognize antigens displayed by macrophages or B lymphocytes?
Which type of cells differentiate into effector cells that secrete distinct sets of cytokines and perform different functions?
Which type of cells differentiate into effector cells that secrete distinct sets of cytokines and perform different functions?
What is the primary function of IL-5 secreted by Th2 cells?
What is the primary function of IL-5 secreted by Th2 cells?
Which cytokine is secreted by Thl subset cells, leading to the activation of macrophages?
Which cytokine is secreted by Thl subset cells, leading to the activation of macrophages?
What is the main function of Th17 cells in the immune system?
What is the main function of Th17 cells in the immune system?
What is the primary role of activated CD8+ T lymphocytes?
What is the primary role of activated CD8+ T lymphocytes?
How do B lymphocytes respond upon activation?
How do B lymphocytes respond upon activation?
What is the main function of plasma cells derived from B lymphocytes?
What is the main function of plasma cells derived from B lymphocytes?
What is the role of CTLs in tumor immunity?
What is the role of CTLs in tumor immunity?
What is the significance of antibody responses to protein antigens being T-dependent?
What is the significance of antibody responses to protein antigens being T-dependent?
What is the unique function of helper T cells in antibody responses?
What is the unique function of helper T cells in antibody responses?
What distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity in terms of memory?
What distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity in terms of memory?
How do NK cells primarily contribute to defense against virus-infected cells?
How do NK cells primarily contribute to defense against virus-infected cells?
Where are the T lymphocytes concentrated in lymph nodes?
Where are the T lymphocytes concentrated in lymph nodes?
Which family of receptors includes Toll-like receptors (TLRs) essential for host defense against microbes?
Which family of receptors includes Toll-like receptors (TLRs) essential for host defense against microbes?
What is the primary function of IL-5 secreted by Th2 cells?
What is the primary function of IL-5 secreted by Th2 cells?
Where do B lymphocytes differentiate into IgE-secreting plasma cells?
Where do B lymphocytes differentiate into IgE-secreting plasma cells?
What is the main outcome of the inflammasome pathway activation in response to urate crystals during gout inflammation?
What is the main outcome of the inflammasome pathway activation in response to urate crystals during gout inflammation?
DNA sequence variation occurs during the assembly of gene segments in which stage of lymphocyte maturation?
DNA sequence variation occurs during the assembly of gene segments in which stage of lymphocyte maturation?
What type of immune response is characterized by the production of antibodies mainly of the IgM class?
What type of immune response is characterized by the production of antibodies mainly of the IgM class?
Which process improves the quality of the humoral immune response by stimulating the production of antibodies with high affinities for antigens?
Which process improves the quality of the humoral immune response by stimulating the production of antibodies with high affinities for antigens?
What is the main outcome of T-dependent responses that is absent in T-independent responses?
What is the main outcome of T-dependent responses that is absent in T-independent responses?
Which cells secrete cytokines that work together to stimulate B cells in the immune response?
Which cells secrete cytokines that work together to stimulate B cells in the immune response?
Which molecule induces the production of antibodies with different classes (isotypes) through helper T-cell actions?
Which molecule induces the production of antibodies with different classes (isotypes) through helper T-cell actions?
What feature distinguishes T-dependent responses from T-independent responses in terms of antibody production?
What feature distinguishes T-dependent responses from T-independent responses in terms of antibody production?
Which process leads to the initiation of B-cell activation by engaging many antigen molecules on each B cell?
Which process leads to the initiation of B-cell activation by engaging many antigen molecules on each B cell?
What is the main characteristic that differentiates T-independent responses from T-dependent responses?
What is the main characteristic that differentiates T-independent responses from T-dependent responses?
'Isotype switching' and 'affinity maturation' are features primarily observed in which type of immune response?
'Isotype switching' and 'affinity maturation' are features primarily observed in which type of immune response?
What is the primary function of T follicular helper (TrH) cells in the immune response?
What is the primary function of T follicular helper (TrH) cells in the immune response?
Which antibody type is secreted from mucosal epithelia to neutralize microbes in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts?
Which antibody type is secreted from mucosal epithelia to neutralize microbes in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts?
Which antibodies activate the complement system by the classical pathway?
Which antibodies activate the complement system by the classical pathway?
What is the role of IgE antibodies in combating parasites?
What is the role of IgE antibodies in combating parasites?
Where do long-lived memory cells primarily reside in the body?
Where do long-lived memory cells primarily reside in the body?
Which cells are responsible for continuously producing antibodies in the bone marrow over extended periods?
Which cells are responsible for continuously producing antibodies in the bone marrow over extended periods?
Why do long-lived memory cells respond faster and more effectively upon reexposure to antigens?
Why do long-lived memory cells respond faster and more effectively upon reexposure to antigens?
What is the main function of dendritic cells in the immune system?
What is the main function of dendritic cells in the immune system?
What is the underlying cause suspected in many hypersensitivity diseases?
What is the underlying cause suspected in many hypersensitivity diseases?
Which type of genes have been implicated in the development of hypersensitivity diseases?
Which type of genes have been implicated in the development of hypersensitivity diseases?
What is the primary mechanism of tissue injury in hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the primary mechanism of tissue injury in hypersensitivity reactions?
Which cells are involved in causing tissue injury in hypersensitivity reactions?
Which cells are involved in causing tissue injury in hypersensitivity reactions?
How can hypersensitivity reactions be classified?
How can hypersensitivity reactions be classified?
What is the cause of issues in hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the cause of issues in hypersensitivity reactions?
Which group of diseases is associated with immune responses against environmental antigens?
Which group of diseases is associated with immune responses against environmental antigens?
What are the functions of CD4+T cells primarily mediated by?
What are the functions of CD4+T cells primarily mediated by?
Which immune cells are responsible for killing virus-infected and tumor cells?
Which immune cells are responsible for killing virus-infected and tumor cells?
What do antibodies secreted by plasma cells primarily do?
What do antibodies secreted by plasma cells primarily do?
In immunology, what term is used to describe the transfer of immunity to neonates through antibodies?
In immunology, what term is used to describe the transfer of immunity to neonates through antibodies?
What is the term used to describe immune reactions that cause tissue injury?
What is the term used to describe immune reactions that cause tissue injury?
Which group of disorders is characterized by the failure of tolerance to self-antigens?
Which group of disorders is characterized by the failure of tolerance to self-antigens?
Which type of diseases are caused by a defective immune system?
Which type of diseases are caused by a defective immune system?
What is the primary cause of tissue injury in cell-mediated immune disorders?
What is the primary cause of tissue injury in cell-mediated immune disorders?
Which type of hypersensitivity involves the binding of antigen to IgE on mast cells?
Which type of hypersensitivity involves the binding of antigen to IgE on mast cells?
In immune complex-mediated disorders, where do antigen-antibody complexes deposit and induce inflammation?
In immune complex-mediated disorders, where do antigen-antibody complexes deposit and induce inflammation?
What is the term for the leukocytes recruited in immune complex-mediated disorders that produce tissue damage through enzyme release and free radicals?
What is the term for the leukocytes recruited in immune complex-mediated disorders that produce tissue damage through enzyme release and free radicals?
Which cells are responsible for causing tissue injury in immediate (Type I) hypersensitivity reactions?
Which cells are responsible for causing tissue injury in immediate (Type I) hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the primary outcome of antibody-mediated disorders (type II hypersensitivity)?
What is the primary outcome of antibody-mediated disorders (type II hypersensitivity)?
Which antibody type plays a role in injurious reactions by promoting phagocytosis or lysis of cells?
Which antibody type plays a role in injurious reactions by promoting phagocytosis or lysis of cells?
What is the antigen-antibody interaction primarily responsible for in immune complex-mediated disorders?
What is the antigen-antibody interaction primarily responsible for in immune complex-mediated disorders?
Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized by the deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in tissues?
Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized by the deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in tissues?
What is the main impact of immediate (Type I) hypersensitivity reactions on a sensitized individual?
What is the main impact of immediate (Type I) hypersensitivity reactions on a sensitized individual?
What is the primary role of IL-13 in type I hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the primary role of IL-13 in type I hypersensitivity reactions?
In type I hypersensitivity reactions, what is unique about the late-phase reaction compared to the immediate reaction?
In type I hypersensitivity reactions, what is unique about the late-phase reaction compared to the immediate reaction?
What is the main function of Th2 cells in immediate hypersensitivity disorders?
What is the main function of Th2 cells in immediate hypersensitivity disorders?
Which cytokine is crucial for B cell class switching to IgE in type I hypersensitivity reactions?
Which cytokine is crucial for B cell class switching to IgE in type I hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the immediate reaction in type I hypersensitivity characterized by?
What is the immediate reaction in type I hypersensitivity characterized by?
Which cell type is a key effector in type I hypersensitivity reactions due to its involvement in tissue destruction?
Which cell type is a key effector in type I hypersensitivity reactions due to its involvement in tissue destruction?
Which of the following cytokines is NOT produced by Th2 cells as part of the type I hypersensitivity response?
Which of the following cytokines is NOT produced by Th2 cells as part of the type I hypersensitivity response?
What is the primary mechanism through which Th2 cells attract more Th2 cells and other leukocytes to the site of a hypersensitivity reaction?
What is the primary mechanism through which Th2 cells attract more Th2 cells and other leukocytes to the site of a hypersensitivity reaction?
What is a characteristic feature of the late-phase reaction following immediate hypersensitivity disorders?
What is a characteristic feature of the late-phase reaction following immediate hypersensitivity disorders?
How do Th2 cells contribute to the development of allergic reactions?
How do Th2 cells contribute to the development of allergic reactions?
Which cytokine is NOT typically produced by Th2 cells in type I hypersensitivity reactions?
Which cytokine is NOT typically produced by Th2 cells in type I hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the primary function of mast cells in immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the primary function of mast cells in immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
Where are mast cells commonly found in tissues, contributing to local immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
Where are mast cells commonly found in tissues, contributing to local immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
What do mast cells contain in their cytoplasmic granules that contribute to immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
What do mast cells contain in their cytoplasmic granules that contribute to immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
Which group is predictably most responsive to antagonists of Th2 cytokines like IL-4 and IL-5?
Which group is predictably most responsive to antagonists of Th2 cytokines like IL-4 and IL-5?
What type of responses do type 2 Ilcs in tissue initially provide before the development of Th2 responses?
What type of responses do type 2 Ilcs in tissue initially provide before the development of Th2 responses?
What triggers the activation of mast cells and basophils by binding to receptors on the cell membrane?
What triggers the activation of mast cells and basophils by binding to receptors on the cell membrane?
What is the primary difference between mast cells and basophils?
What is the primary difference between mast cells and basophils?
What term describes the process where multivalent antigens cross-link adjacent IgE antibodies on mast cells?
What term describes the process where multivalent antigens cross-link adjacent IgE antibodies on mast cells?
Which of the following is NOT a mast cell secretagogue triggering their activation?
Which of the following is NOT a mast cell secretagogue triggering their activation?
What is the role of FceRI in mast cells and basophils?
What is the role of FceRI in mast cells and basophils?
Which physical stimuli can trigger the activation of mast cells?
Which physical stimuli can trigger the activation of mast cells?
What do mast cells release upon activation that is responsible for immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
What do mast cells release upon activation that is responsible for immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
What characteristic separates basophils from mast cells in terms of location?
What characteristic separates basophils from mast cells in terms of location?
What do multivalent antigens do when they bind to adjacent IgE antibodies on mast cells?
What do multivalent antigens do when they bind to adjacent IgE antibodies on mast cells?
What type of molecules bind to receptors on mast cells to trigger their activation?
What type of molecules bind to receptors on mast cells to trigger their activation?
Which mediator is NOT derived from arachidonic acid in mast cells?
Which mediator is NOT derived from arachidonic acid in mast cells?
What is the most abundant mediator produced in mast cells by the cyclooxygenase pathway?
What is the most abundant mediator produced in mast cells by the cyclooxygenase pathway?
Which cytokine amplifies the Th2 response in immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
Which cytokine amplifies the Th2 response in immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the role of Platelet-activating factor (PAF) in immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the role of Platelet-activating factor (PAF) in immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
Which cell population is often abundant in the late-phase reaction of immediate hypersensitivity disorders?
Which cell population is often abundant in the late-phase reaction of immediate hypersensitivity disorders?
What is a unique protein released by activated eosinophils that can damage tissues?
What is a unique protein released by activated eosinophils that can damage tissues?
Which crystal found in eosinophils promotes inflammation and enhances Th2 responses?
Which crystal found in eosinophils promotes inflammation and enhances Th2 responses?
'Late-phase reaction' in immediate hypersensitivity involves the recruitment of leukocytes that:
'Late-phase reaction' in immediate hypersensitivity involves the recruitment of leukocytes that:
What is the main function of cytokines like IL-1 and TNF produced by mast cells?
What is the main function of cytokines like IL-1 and TNF produced by mast cells?
What is the primary function of histamine released by mast cells?
What is the primary function of histamine released by mast cells?
Which enzyme found in mast cell granules contributes to tissue damage and generation of kinins?
Which enzyme found in mast cell granules contributes to tissue damage and generation of kinins?
Which class of mediators serves to package and store amines within mast cell granules?
Which class of mediators serves to package and store amines within mast cell granules?
What is the parent compound that is converted to leukotrienes and prostaglandins during mast cell activation?
What is the parent compound that is converted to leukotrienes and prostaglandins during mast cell activation?
Which enzyme is responsible for converting membrane phospholipids to arachidonic acid during mast cell activation?
Which enzyme is responsible for converting membrane phospholipids to arachidonic acid during mast cell activation?
Which of the following is a function of neutral proteases like chymase found in mast cell granules?
Which of the following is a function of neutral proteases like chymase found in mast cell granules?
What is the role of heparin in mast cell granules?
What is the role of heparin in mast cell granules?
Which enzyme is activated during mast cell activation leading to the production of leukotrienes?
Which enzyme is activated during mast cell activation leading to the production of leukotrienes?
What category do arachidonic acid-derived products belong to in mast cell granules?
What category do arachidonic acid-derived products belong to in mast cell granules?
What is a major function of lipid mediators produced from arachidonic acid during mast cell activation?
What is a major function of lipid mediators produced from arachidonic acid during mast cell activation?
What genetic factor determines susceptibility to immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
What genetic factor determines susceptibility to immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
Which cytokines have genetic polymorphisms that may contribute to allergic reactions?
Which cytokines have genetic polymorphisms that may contribute to allergic reactions?
What is the role of broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory drugs in managing allergies?
What is the role of broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory drugs in managing allergies?
What percentage of atopic individuals have a positive family history of allergies?
What percentage of atopic individuals have a positive family history of allergies?
Which chromosome region shows linkage to polymorphisms affecting reactivity to certain allergens?
Which chromosome region shows linkage to polymorphisms affecting reactivity to certain allergens?
What environmental factor is highlighted as an important predisposing factor for allergies?
What environmental factor is highlighted as an important predisposing factor for allergies?
In patients with asthma, what genes show linkage to polymorphisms affecting allergic reactions?
In patients with asthma, what genes show linkage to polymorphisms affecting allergic reactions?
'Atopic' individuals tend to have higher levels of which substance compared to the general population?
'Atopic' individuals tend to have higher levels of which substance compared to the general population?
Which genetic factor is suggested to permit reactivity to certain allergens?
Which genetic factor is suggested to permit reactivity to certain allergens?
'Immediate hypersensitivity reactions are genetically determined' refers primarily to what characteristic?
'Immediate hypersensitivity reactions are genetically determined' refers primarily to what characteristic?
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where early childhood exposure to microbial antigens potentially prevents subsequent pathologic responses against common environmental allergens?
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where early childhood exposure to microbial antigens potentially prevents subsequent pathologic responses against common environmental allergens?
Which statement best describes the primary observation made about dogs, cats, and chimpanzees in relation to allergies in the provided text?
Which statement best describes the primary observation made about dogs, cats, and chimpanzees in relation to allergies in the provided text?
What triggers bronchial asthma, an allergic lung disease, according to the text?
What triggers bronchial asthma, an allergic lung disease, according to the text?
Why have commercial airlines largely stopped serving peanuts or foods containing peanuts according to the text?
Why have commercial airlines largely stopped serving peanuts or foods containing peanuts according to the text?
What type of reactions affect about 10% to 20% of the population and involve localized responses to common environmental allergens?
What type of reactions affect about 10% to 20% of the population and involve localized responses to common environmental allergens?
In systemic anaphylaxis, what is characterized by vascular shock, widespread edema, and respiratory distress?
In systemic anaphylaxis, what is characterized by vascular shock, widespread edema, and respiratory distress?
What can trigger anaphylaxis in sensitized individuals following exposure in the community setting?
What can trigger anaphylaxis in sensitized individuals following exposure in the community setting?
What is the primary risk associated with severe allergic reactions within minutes after exposure to allergens according to the text?
What is the primary risk associated with severe allergic reactions within minutes after exposure to allergens according to the text?
'Local Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions' involve localized responses to which of the following?
'Local Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions' involve localized responses to which of the following?
'Systemic Anaphylaxis' may occur after administration of foreign proteins or exposure to food allergens, but primarily involves what type of response?
'Systemic Anaphylaxis' may occur after administration of foreign proteins or exposure to food allergens, but primarily involves what type of response?
What is the primary responsibility of mediators in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the primary responsibility of mediators in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
Which antibodies are recognized by phagocyte Fc receptors during phagocytosis in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
Which antibodies are recognized by phagocyte Fc receptors during phagocytosis in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
In Type II hypersensitivity reactions, which antibodies may be specific for exogenous antigens?
In Type II hypersensitivity reactions, which antibodies may be specific for exogenous antigens?
What is the main cause of tissue injury in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the main cause of tissue injury in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
Which phase of the reaction is responsible for the manifestation of inflammation in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
Which phase of the reaction is responsible for the manifestation of inflammation in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the consequence of IgG antibodies being recognized by phagocyte Fc receptors?
What is the consequence of IgG antibodies being recognized by phagocyte Fc receptors?
Which type of antibodies are involved in opsonization and phagocytosis in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
Which type of antibodies are involved in opsonization and phagocytosis in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
Which cells are primarily responsible for cell lysis in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)?
Which cells are primarily responsible for cell lysis in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)?
In which of the following situations does cell lysis proceed without phagocytosis?
In which of the following situations does cell lysis proceed without phagocytosis?
What is the main contribution of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) to common hypersensitivity diseases according to the text?
What is the main contribution of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) to common hypersensitivity diseases according to the text?
In autoimmune hemolytic anemia, agranulocytosis, and thrombocytopenia, what do individuals produce antibodies against?
In autoimmune hemolytic anemia, agranulocytosis, and thrombocytopenia, what do individuals produce antibodies against?
What characterizes hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis) regarding antigenic differences?
What characterizes hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis) regarding antigenic differences?
What causes destruction of fetal red cells in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn?
What causes destruction of fetal red cells in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn?
Certain drug reactions may generate new antigenic epitopes against which individuals react. What specifically causes the generation of these new epitopes?
Certain drug reactions may generate new antigenic epitopes against which individuals react. What specifically causes the generation of these new epitopes?
In which type of reaction does the drug bind to plasma membrane proteins on host cells leading to antibody production against the drug-protein complex?
In which type of reaction does the drug bind to plasma membrane proteins on host cells leading to antibody production against the drug-protein complex?
What is the main mechanism responsible for tissue injury in some forms of glomerulonephritis and vascular rejection in organ grafts?
What is the main mechanism responsible for tissue injury in some forms of glomerulonephritis and vascular rejection in organ grafts?
In which disorder do antibodies reactive with acetylcholine receptors in the motor end plates of skeletal muscles block neuromuscular transmission?
In which disorder do antibodies reactive with acetylcholine receptors in the motor end plates of skeletal muscles block neuromuscular transmission?
Which substances released by leukocytes during activation can damage tissues by digesting basement membrane, collagen, elastin, and cartilage?
Which substances released by leukocytes during activation can damage tissues by digesting basement membrane, collagen, elastin, and cartilage?
What is the primary basis of Graves disease?
What is the primary basis of Graves disease?
Which type of hypersensitivity mainly produces tissue damage by eliciting inflammation at the sites of antigen-antibody complex deposition?
Which type of hypersensitivity mainly produces tissue damage by eliciting inflammation at the sites of antigen-antibody complex deposition?
In which type of reaction are antibodies directed against cell surface receptors, impairing or dysregulating function without causing cell injury or inflammation?
In which type of reaction are antibodies directed against cell surface receptors, impairing or dysregulating function without causing cell injury or inflammation?
Which leukocytes are activated by engagement of their C3b and Fc receptors during inflammation?
Which leukocytes are activated by engagement of their C3b and Fc receptors during inflammation?
What is the role of anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a in antibody-mediated inflammation?
What is the role of anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a in antibody-mediated inflammation?
Which cellular process results from activation of leukocytes' C3b and Fc receptors during inflammation?
Which cellular process results from activation of leukocytes' C3b and Fc receptors during inflammation?
What enzyme product contributes to the digestion of basement membrane, collagen, elastin, and cartilage by leukocytes during inflammation?
What enzyme product contributes to the digestion of basement membrane, collagen, elastin, and cartilage by leukocytes during inflammation?
What is a defining characteristic of immune complex-mediated diseases?
What is a defining characteristic of immune complex-mediated diseases?
What is one of the common sites for preferential immune complex deposition in immune complex-mediated diseases?
What is one of the common sites for preferential immune complex deposition in immune complex-mediated diseases?
Serum sickness is a prototype of which type of immune complex disease?
Serum sickness is a prototype of which type of immune complex disease?
Which phase of the pathogenesis of systemic immune complex disease involves the formation of immune complexes?
Which phase of the pathogenesis of systemic immune complex disease involves the formation of immune complexes?
What is the primary reason serum sickness is now infrequent in modern times?
What is the primary reason serum sickness is now infrequent in modern times?
Why is serum sickness used as an informative model for systemic immune complex disorders?
Why is serum sickness used as an informative model for systemic immune complex disorders?
Which organ is often preferentially involved in systemic immune complex diseases such as glomerulonephritis?
Which organ is often preferentially involved in systemic immune complex diseases such as glomerulonephritis?
What is a common characteristic of immune complexes that tend to lead to tissue deposition and disease?
What is a common characteristic of immune complexes that tend to lead to tissue deposition and disease?
In which organs does immune complex disease often affect due to the concentration and deposition of immune complexes?
In which organs does immune complex disease often affect due to the concentration and deposition of immune complexes?
What happens approximately one week after the introduction of a protein antigen?
What happens approximately one week after the introduction of a protein antigen?
Which phase involves the formation of circulating antigen-antibody complexes that are later deposited in vessels?
Which phase involves the formation of circulating antigen-antibody complexes that are later deposited in vessels?
Which factor plays a major role in determining whether immune complex formation leads to tissue deposition and disease?
Which factor plays a major role in determining whether immune complex formation leads to tissue deposition and disease?
Where do immune complexes tend to become concentrated due to high pressure filtration of blood, leading to their deposition?
Where do immune complexes tend to become concentrated due to high pressure filtration of blood, leading to their deposition?
What influences the pathogenicity of immune complexes in terms of size and conditions of formation?
What influences the pathogenicity of immune complexes in terms of size and conditions of formation?
What is the primary cause of tissue injury in the Arthus reaction?
What is the primary cause of tissue injury in the Arthus reaction?
What is the main difference between acute and chronic serum sickness?
What is the main difference between acute and chronic serum sickness?
Which type of hypersensitivity involves chronic and destructive inflammation mainly mediated by T cells?
Which type of hypersensitivity involves chronic and destructive inflammation mainly mediated by T cells?
What is the primary mechanism through which antibodies and immune complexes cause tissue injury?
What is the primary mechanism through which antibodies and immune complexes cause tissue injury?
How does the Arthus reaction differ from delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in terms of tissue injury?
How does the Arthus reaction differ from delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in terms of tissue injury?
Which type of hypersensitivity involves antibodies binding to cell surface receptors, causing functional derangements without cell injury?
Which type of hypersensitivity involves antibodies binding to cell surface receptors, causing functional derangements without cell injury?
What differentiates the immune complex deposition in membranous glomerulonephritis from that in vasculitides?
What differentiates the immune complex deposition in membranous glomerulonephritis from that in vasculitides?
What is the primary role of antibodies in targeting opsonized cells for phagocytosis?
What is the primary role of antibodies in targeting opsonized cells for phagocytosis?
What is the main outcome of antigen diffusing into the vascular wall during the Arthus reaction?
What is the main outcome of antigen diffusing into the vascular wall during the Arthus reaction?
What happens when CD4+ T cells recognize antigens displayed by dendritic cells (DCs)?
What happens when CD4+ T cells recognize antigens displayed by dendritic cells (DCs)?
What is the main morphologic manifestation of immune complex injury discussed in the text?
What is the main morphologic manifestation of immune complex injury discussed in the text?
Which clinical feature is NOT commonly associated with the acute inflammatory reaction initiated by immune complexes in tissues?
Which clinical feature is NOT commonly associated with the acute inflammatory reaction initiated by immune complexes in tissues?
What is the significance of detecting complement proteins at the site of tissue injury during immune complex-mediated inflammation?
What is the significance of detecting complement proteins at the site of tissue injury during immune complex-mediated inflammation?
Which observation supports the idea that serum C3 levels can be used to monitor disease activity in certain cases?
Which observation supports the idea that serum C3 levels can be used to monitor disease activity in certain cases?
What is the main appearance of granular lumpy deposits of immunoglobulin and complement in the kidney when viewed under immuno-fluorescence microscopy?
What is the main appearance of granular lumpy deposits of immunoglobulin and complement in the kidney when viewed under immuno-fluorescence microscopy?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for intense neutrophilic infiltration in fibrinoid necrosis associated with immune complex injury?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for intense neutrophilic infiltration in fibrinoid necrosis associated with immune complex injury?
What does the term 'acute vasculitis' refer to in the context of immune complex injury?
What does the term 'acute vasculitis' refer to in the context of immune complex injury?
What is the main role of IFN-y-activated macrophages in the context of a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction?
What is the main role of IFN-y-activated macrophages in the context of a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction?
What is the primary function of Th1 cells upon repeat exposure to an antigen?
What is the primary function of Th1 cells upon repeat exposure to an antigen?
How do IFN-y-activated macrophages contribute to eliminating offending antigens?
How do IFN-y-activated macrophages contribute to eliminating offending antigens?
Which cytokines are secreted by IFN-y-activated macrophages to promote inflammation?
Which cytokines are secreted by IFN-y-activated macrophages to promote inflammation?
What is the consequence of sustained activation of macrophages during a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction?
What is the consequence of sustained activation of macrophages during a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction?
Which cell type is responsible for the secretion of IL-17 and IL-22 in an inflammatory reaction?
Which cell type is responsible for the secretion of IL-17 and IL-22 in an inflammatory reaction?
What is the main role of chemokines secreted by activated Th17 cells?
What is the main role of chemokines secreted by activated Th17 cells?
In a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, what type of cells mainly accumulate around venules?
In a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, what type of cells mainly accumulate around venules?
What is the morphological feature that characterizes delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions?
What is the morphological feature that characterizes delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions?
With persistent antigens like tubercle bacilli, what type of cells dominate the infiltrate over a few weeks?
With persistent antigens like tubercle bacilli, what type of cells dominate the infiltrate over a few weeks?
In fully developed lesions of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, what morphologic transformation do macrophages often undergo?
In fully developed lesions of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, what morphologic transformation do macrophages often undergo?
Which cytokines secreted by activated Th17 cells play a role in recruiting neutrophils to inflammation sites?
Which cytokines secreted by activated Th17 cells play a role in recruiting neutrophils to inflammation sites?
What grossly visible small nodules are formed when aggregates of epithelioid cells are surrounded by lymphocytes?
What grossly visible small nodules are formed when aggregates of epithelioid cells are surrounded by lymphocytes?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes a tuberculin reaction in a sensitized individual within 8 to 12 hours?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes a tuberculin reaction in a sensitized individual within 8 to 12 hours?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction can be clinically observed as a tuberculin reaction?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction can be clinically observed as a tuberculin reaction?
What is the main difference between granulomatous inflammation associated with helminthic infections and that induced by indigestible foreign bodies?
What is the main difference between granulomatous inflammation associated with helminthic infections and that induced by indigestible foreign bodies?
What is the characteristic feature of contact dermatitis resulting from delayed hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the characteristic feature of contact dermatitis resulting from delayed hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the primary mechanism through which tissue injury occurs in rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis?
What is the primary mechanism through which tissue injury occurs in rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis?
What is the role of CD8+ CTLs in T cell-mediated reactions?
What is the role of CD8+ CTLs in T cell-mediated reactions?
What is the consequence of CTLs directed against cell surface histocompatibility antigens during graft rejection?
What is the consequence of CTLs directed against cell surface histocompatibility antigens during graft rejection?
Which type of immune response involves CD8+ CTLs killing antigen-expressing target cells?
Which type of immune response involves CD8+ CTLs killing antigen-expressing target cells?
Virally infected cells present viral peptides through which type of molecules to be recognized by CD8+ T lymphocytes?
Virally infected cells present viral peptides through which type of molecules to be recognized by CD8+ T lymphocytes?
Tumor antigens are presented on the surface of tumor cells, primarily for which purpose?
Tumor antigens are presented on the surface of tumor cells, primarily for which purpose?
CD8+ T lymphocytes have a crucial role in which of the following processes?
CD8+ T lymphocytes have a crucial role in which of the following processes?
Granulomatous reactions rich in eosinophils are typically associated with which type of immune responses?
Granulomatous reactions rich in eosinophils are typically associated with which type of immune responses?
What is the primary significance of the presence of autoantibodies in the serum of some individuals?
What is the primary significance of the presence of autoantibodies in the serum of some individuals?
How is pathologic autoimmunity typically defined?
How is pathologic autoimmunity typically defined?
In which type of disorder are chronic inflammation and immune response sometimes directed against normally harmless microbes?
In which type of disorder are chronic inflammation and immune response sometimes directed against normally harmless microbes?
Which autoimmune disease involves autoreactive T cells and antibodies specific for ß cells of the pancreatic islets?
Which autoimmune disease involves autoreactive T cells and antibodies specific for ß cells of the pancreatic islets?
What distinguishes organ-specific autoimmune diseases from systemic autoimmune diseases?
What distinguishes organ-specific autoimmune diseases from systemic autoimmune diseases?
Which autoimmune disease is characterized by antibodies directed against DNA, platelets, and protein-phospholipid complexes?
Which autoimmune disease is characterized by antibodies directed against DNA, platelets, and protein-phospholipid complexes?
What is the underlying cause of autoimmunity?
What is the underlying cause of autoimmunity?
Which disease sits in the middle of the spectrum between organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases?
Which disease sits in the middle of the spectrum between organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases?
'Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases' can be classified as autoimmune if the immune response is directed against what?
'Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases' can be classified as autoimmune if the immune response is directed against what?
What is the primary function of perforin in the I cell-mediated killing of targets?
What is the primary function of perforin in the I cell-mediated killing of targets?
Which molecule, expressed by activated CTLs, is homologous to TNF and triggers apoptosis in target cells by binding to the Fas receptor?
Which molecule, expressed by activated CTLs, is homologous to TNF and triggers apoptosis in target cells by binding to the Fas receptor?
What triggers the classical T cell-mediated inflammatory reaction known as DTH?
What triggers the classical T cell-mediated inflammatory reaction known as DTH?
Which type of cells produce cytokines, notably IFN-γ, following exposure to certain agents and viral infections?
Which type of cells produce cytokines, notably IFN-γ, following exposure to certain agents and viral infections?
Which molecule primarily activates macrophages to produce substances causing tissue damage and promoting fibrosis in CD4+ T cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions?
Which molecule primarily activates macrophages to produce substances causing tissue damage and promoting fibrosis in CD4+ T cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions?
In I cell-mediated killing, what is the main function of granzymes released into the target cell cytoplasm?
In I cell-mediated killing, what is the main function of granzymes released into the target cell cytoplasm?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves activated CD4+ T cells differentiating into Th1 and Th17 effector cells?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves activated CD4+ T cells differentiating into Th1 and Th17 effector cells?
What is the main role of activated CTLs in I cell-mediated killing?
What is the main role of activated CTLs in I cell-mediated killing?
Which subset of CD4+ T cells secrete IFN-γ to activate macrophages in hypersensitivity reactions?
Which subset of CD4+ T cells secrete IFN-γ to activate macrophages in hypersensitivity reactions?
What is a characteristic feature of DTH mediated by Th17 effector cells?
What is a characteristic feature of DTH mediated by Th17 effector cells?
What is the primary function of central tolerance?
What is the primary function of central tolerance?
What happens to immature T cells that express TCRs specific for self antigens in the thymus?
What happens to immature T cells that express TCRs specific for self antigens in the thymus?
What is the purpose of self-tolerance in the immune system?
What is the purpose of self-tolerance in the immune system?
What is the result of random somatic antigen receptor gene rearrangements in developing lymphocytes?
What is the result of random somatic antigen receptor gene rearrangements in developing lymphocytes?
What is the difference between central tolerance and peripheral tolerance?
What is the difference between central tolerance and peripheral tolerance?
What is the consequence of a failure in central tolerance?
What is the consequence of a failure in central tolerance?
What is the estimated proportion of B cells in the body that may have undergone receptor editing during their maturation?
What is the estimated proportion of B cells in the body that may have undergone receptor editing during their maturation?
What happens to self-reactive lymphocytes that escape central tolerance?
What happens to self-reactive lymphocytes that escape central tolerance?
What is the outcome if receptor editing does not occur?
What is the outcome if receptor editing does not occur?
What is the purpose of central tolerance?
What is the purpose of central tolerance?
What is the result of imperfect central tolerance?
What is the result of imperfect central tolerance?
What is the primary function of AIRE in the thymus?
What is the primary function of AIRE in the thymus?
What happens to developing B cells that strongly recognize self antigens in the bone marrow?
What happens to developing B cells that strongly recognize self antigens in the bone marrow?
What is the outcome of rare patients with germline loss-of-function mutations in the AIRE gene?
What is the outcome of rare patients with germline loss-of-function mutations in the AIRE gene?
What determines the choice between deletion and development of regulatory T cells in the thymus?
What determines the choice between deletion and development of regulatory T cells in the thymus?
What is the role of thymic antigen-presenting cells in relation to self antigens?
What is the role of thymic antigen-presenting cells in relation to self antigens?
What is the fate of immature T cells that recognize self antigens in the thymus?
What is the fate of immature T cells that recognize self antigens in the thymus?
What is the primary mechanism by which regulatory T cells suppress immune responses?
What is the primary mechanism by which regulatory T cells suppress immune responses?
What is the result of a mutation in the gene encoding IL-2 or the IL-2 receptor alpha or beta chain?
What is the result of a mutation in the gene encoding IL-2 or the IL-2 receptor alpha or beta chain?
What is the phenotype of T cells that recognize self antigens but are rendered functionally unresponsive?
What is the phenotype of T cells that recognize self antigens but are rendered functionally unresponsive?
What is the association between polymorphisms in the promoter of the CD25 gene and autoimmune diseases?
What is the association between polymorphisms in the promoter of the CD25 gene and autoimmune diseases?
What is the name of the autoimmune disease caused by mutation of the gene encoding FOXP3?
What is the name of the autoimmune disease caused by mutation of the gene encoding FOXP3?
What is the function of regulatory T cells in the immune system?
What is the function of regulatory T cells in the immune system?
What is the mechanism by which T cells that recognize self antigens are eliminated or inactivated?
What is the mechanism by which T cells that recognize self antigens are eliminated or inactivated?
What is the consequence of a defect in regulatory T cells?
What is the consequence of a defect in regulatory T cells?
What is the primary function of regulatory T cells in placental mammals?
What is the primary function of regulatory T cells in placental mammals?
What is the consequence of inherited mutations in CTLA4?
What is the consequence of inherited mutations in CTLA4?
What is the mechanism by which some tumors evade immune attack?
What is the mechanism by which some tumors evade immune attack?
What is the role of FOXP3 transcription factor in placental mammals?
What is the role of FOXP3 transcription factor in placental mammals?
Which molecule binds to the ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2?
Which molecule binds to the ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2?
What is the outcome when mature B cells encounter self-antigen in peripheral tissues?
What is the outcome when mature B cells encounter self-antigen in peripheral tissues?
What type of signal is required for T cell activation in addition to antigen recognition?
What type of signal is required for T cell activation in addition to antigen recognition?
What is the therapeutic application of blocking CTLA-4 and PD-1?
What is the therapeutic application of blocking CTLA-4 and PD-1?
What is the result of antigen presentation without adequate costimulation?
What is the result of antigen presentation without adequate costimulation?
What is the role of regulatory T cells in preventing immune responses?
What is the role of regulatory T cells in preventing immune responses?
What is the function of CTLA-4 and PD-1?
What is the function of CTLA-4 and PD-1?
Why do resting DCs in normal tissues lead to anergy?
Why do resting DCs in normal tissues lead to anergy?
What is the outcome when B cells encounter self-antigen in peripheral tissues in the absence of specific helper T cells?
What is the outcome when B cells encounter self-antigen in peripheral tissues in the absence of specific helper T cells?
What is the role of CD28 in T cell activation?
What is the role of CD28 in T cell activation?
Which molecule is structurally homologous to CD28 but serves the opposite function?
Which molecule is structurally homologous to CD28 but serves the opposite function?
What is the result of T cell recognition of self antigens in the absence of costimulation?
What is the result of T cell recognition of self antigens in the absence of costimulation?
What is the consequence of depleting FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in mice?
What is the consequence of depleting FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in mice?
How do T cells that recognize self-antigens die by apoptosis?
How do T cells that recognize self-antigens die by apoptosis?
What is the role of Fas ligand in deletion of mature T cells in the periphery?
What is the role of Fas ligand in deletion of mature T cells in the periphery?
What is the consequence of T cells recognizing self-antigens in the periphery?
What is the consequence of T cells recognizing self-antigens in the periphery?
What is the mechanism by which Bim triggers apoptosis?
What is the mechanism by which Bim triggers apoptosis?
What is the role of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x in T cells that recognize self-antigens?
What is the role of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x in T cells that recognize self-antigens?
What is the function of Fas in T cells that recognize self-antigens?
What is the function of Fas in T cells that recognize self-antigens?
What is the significance of deletion of mature T cells in the periphery?
What is the significance of deletion of mature T cells in the periphery?
What happens to self-reactive T cells if they engage with self-antigens?
What happens to self-reactive T cells if they engage with self-antigens?
What is the main role of regulatory T cells?
What is the main role of regulatory T cells?
What is the function of FasL on T cells?
What is the function of FasL on T cells?
What is the consequence of mutations in Fas or FasL?
What is the consequence of mutations in Fas or FasL?
Which transcription factor is required for the development of regulatory T cells?
Which transcription factor is required for the development of regulatory T cells?
What is the characteristic of CD4+ regulatory T cells?
What is the characteristic of CD4+ regulatory T cells?
What is the main function of CD25 in regulatory T cells?
What is the main function of CD25 in regulatory T cells?
What is the consequence of mutations in FOXP3?
What is the consequence of mutations in FOXP3?
What is the primary mechanism of immune tolerance in the thymus?
What is the primary mechanism of immune tolerance in the thymus?
