78 Questions
What is a prebiotic?
A selectively fermented ingredient that modulates gastrointestinal microorganisms
What is an axenic strain?
A population of cells with identical genetic material derived from one cell
What is an ontohabitat?
All microorganisms that inhabit a specific niche within a macroorganism
What is a colony in microbiology?
A pure uncontaminated culture of microorganisms
What is a probiotic?
Live microorganisms with beneficial effects on health through gut microbiota modulation
What is an isolate in microbiology?
A pure uncontaminated culture obtained from biological material collected from the patient
What is a colony in microbiology?
All microorganisms that inhabit a specific niche within the macroorganism.
What is an ontohabitat?
A macroorganism or fragment that is the seat of microorganisms.
What is the impact of a high-carbohydrate diet on microbiota composition?
Increased proportion of Lactobacillus
Which factor can have a negative impact on microbiota status?
Dysfunction of the gallbladder
How does a low-carbohydrate diet affect microbiota composition?
Decreased proportion of Firmicutes
What is a potential consequence of diminished stomach acid levels on microbiota?
Increase in bacterial infections in the intestines
Which type of diet is associated with a higher proportion of Candida in microbiota?
High-protein diet
What effect does antibiotics have on microbiota status?
Decrease in Lactobacillus population
What is one of the mechanisms through which microbiota interact with the central nervous system?
Production of numerous neurotransmitters
In the context of CNS diseases, what change in microbiota was observed in individuals with autism/Asperger's?
Lactobacillus increase and Streptococcus increase
What is a symptom associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in the context of CNS diseases?
Suicidal risk
How do microbiota affect the intestinal barrier in relation to bacterial LPS?
Prevent increased permeability
Which modification method is used in the treatment of human diseases involving microbiota changes?
Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)
What is a possible consequence of reduced cortisol content due to microbiota interaction with the CNS?
Improved mood regulation
What was a change observed in microbiota structure in individuals with schizophrenia?
Enterobacteria increase and Prevotella increase
What effect do microbiota have on the tryptophan content in relation to serotonin production?
Increase tryptophan content
What are some host-dependent factors influencing the composition and distribution of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract?
pH, immunoglobulins, bile salts
Which factor contributes to the distinction of three enterotypes of the intestinal microbiota in humans?
Diet composition
What is a characteristic of enterotype 2 in the human intestinal microbiota?
Predominance of Prevotella
Which bacterial genus predominantly characterizes enterotype 3 in the human population?
Ruminococcus
What are some microbiological factors that influence the composition and distribution of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract?
Competition, cooperation, vitamin synthesis
How do interactions between microorganisms affect the gastrointestinal tract's bacterial composition?
Competition and cooperation in carbon sources utilization
What role does diet play in shaping the enterotypes of intestinal microbiota in humans?
- diet (composition, non-digestible cellulose fibers)
Which factor influences the composition of short-chain fatty acids in the gastrointestinal tract?
- diet (composition, non-digestible cellulose fibers)
How are gastrointestinal parasites developmental forms typically detected?
By staining with Lugol liquid
What is used to diagnose and identify protozoa parasites?
Presence of trophozoite, cyst, or oocyst
In the case of helminths, what can be found in the patient's stool for diagnosis?
Eggs (typical of the genus / species)
Which staining method is commonly used to detect blood parasites in peripheral blood smears?
Giemsa method
What type of preparations are commonly used for concentration of parasites?
Flotation and sedimentation methods
Where can tissue/organ parasites be found for diagnosis?
In histological preparations
Which staining method is used to detect Cryptococcus neoformans cells in cerebrospinal fluid?
India ink staining
At what magnification were the furcocercariae Schistosoma mansonii observed in a microscopic slide?
100
What is the definition of biotechnology?
The application of biological techniques to research and development
Which area does classical biotechnology focus on?
Utilizing organisms/microorganisms of natural origin
What distinguishes molecular biotechnology from classical biotechnology?
Involves genetic engineering to modify genetic material
Which field does contemporary biotechnology NOT impact?
Astronomy
What is the primary focus of environmental biotechnology?
Reducing anthropogenic impact on the environment
What term is used to describe the genetic material of all microorganisms included in the microbiota?
Genophor
Which term refers to the collective genomes of all microorganisms inhabiting a particular environment?
Metagenome
What is the term used to describe food that has proven beneficial effects on one or several functions of the organism, beyond its nutritional value?
Functional food
Which term describes all products of the metabolism of microorganisms within the microbiota?
Metabolome
What is the bi-directional communication pathway connecting the intestine and intestinal bacterial biota to the central nervous system called?
Gut-brain axis
What is the definition of microbiota?
A group of microorganisms that inhabit a particular environment
Which area of biotechnology is mainly related to health care, molecular diagnostics, and vaccine production?
Medical and pharmaceutical biotechnology
How many microorganism cells are believed to occupy the human body?
4x10^13
Which branch of biotechnology is primarily concerned with the production of biofuels and enzymes?
Industrial biotechnology
Which group constitutes the most numerous microorganisms inhabiting the human body?
Bacteria
Which area of biotechnology deals with the creation of transgenic plants and selective cultures?
Agricultural biotechnology
Where are about 10^4 to 10^11 cells found per 1ml of content in the human body?
Gut
What do all microorganisms and their genetic material and metabolism products collectively refer to?
Microbiome
Which aspect of biotechnology focuses on maintaining biodiversity and using biological processes to remove environmental contaminants?
Environmental biotechnology
In which area of biotechnology is the creation of functional food an important aspect?
Feed and food biotechnology
What term is used to describe live microorganisms that have a beneficial effect on health due to their effects on the microbiota of the digestive tract and immune system?
Probiotic
Which term refers to a pure culture/culture of a fungus obtained from biological material collected from a patient?
Isolate
What does the term 'ontocenosis' refer to in microbiology?
All microorganisms within a specific niche
In microbiology, what does the term 'macroculture' specifically refer to?
Solid medium culture in a petri dish
What term is used to describe a selectively fermented ingredient that brings about specific changes in gastrointestinal microorganisms for the benefit of the host's health?
Prebiotic
What are the main differences in metabolism used for identification of microorganisms based on biochemical properties?
Fermentation properties, oxygen requirements, hydrogen sulphide production
Which of the following is NOT a commercial biochemical diagnostic test used in most laboratories for yeast identification?
Zym API
What is the primary purpose of isolating an axenic strain of fungi from biological material in mycological diagnostics?
To identify the strain based on biochemical properties
Which of the following is NOT a factor typically considered in the identification of microorganisms using biochemical methods?
Reproduction by binary fission or budding
What is the purpose of commercial biochemical diagnostic tests like API 20 C AUX and Candida API?
To assess the enzymatic activity and identify yeast species
What is the primary purpose of prebiotics in the gastrointestinal tract?
To stimulate beneficial microbial activities in the gut
Which criteria should substances meet to be considered as prebiotics?
Stimulate the growth of health-promoting gastrointestinal microbiota
What is a synbiotic?
A supplement composed of both prebiotic and probiotic ingredients
How do prebiotics and probiotics work together in the gastrointestinal tract?
By modulating the GI microbiota ecosystem
Which of the following best describes a synbiotic's activity in the body?
It improves functions of the intestinal barrier
What distinguishes prebiotics from probiotics?
Prebiotics are undigested by humans but stimulate beneficial microbial activities, while probiotics are certain food substances
What is the main function of a synbiotic supplement?
It combines prebiotic and probiotic ingredients to restore GI biota
What characteristic should prebiotics have regarding their chemical structure?
They must be documented and known in their chemical structure
What is one critical aspect that distinguishes a synbiotic supplement from standalone prebiotics or probiotics?
Synbiotics combine prebiotic and probiotic ingredients for synergistic effects
What is an essential requirement that prebiotics need to meet regarding their effect on gastrointestinal microbiota?
They must stimulate the growth and activity of health-promoting gastrointestinal microbiota
Study Notes
Microbiota and Human Health
- Microbiota: a group of microorganisms that inhabit a particular environment, including the human body
- Human body is believed to be occupied by around 4×10^13 microorganism cells, which is ten times the number of human body cells
- Microorganisms inhabiting the human body include bacteria, yeasts, viruses, and fungi, which play an essential role in maintaining microbial balance
Microbiome and Microbiota
- Microbiome: all microorganisms and their genetic material and metabolism products
- Microbiota: all microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, and viruses, coexisting in various sites of the human body (gut, skin, lung, oral cavity)
Probiotics and Prebiotics
- Probiotic: live microorganisms that have a beneficial effect on health through quantitative and qualitative effects on the microbiota of the digestive tract and/or modification of the immune system
- Prebiotic: selectively fermented ingredient that allows specific changes in the composition and/or activity of gastrointestinal microorganisms with beneficial effects on the health and well-being of the host
Factors Affecting Microbiota
- Host-dependent factors: pH, immunoglobulins, bile salts, enzymes, intestinal motility, mucins, tissue secretions
- Microbiological factors: adhesion, mobility, ability to absorb carbon from various compounds, spores, enzymes, antibacterial compounds
- Interactions between microorganisms: protectionist/antagonistic interactions, cooperation in the use of various carbon sources, competition
- Diet: composition, non-digestible cellulose fibers, medicines
Enterotypes of Intestinal Microbiota
- Three enterotypes of intestinal microbiota are distinguished in the human population:
- Enterotype 1: with a predominance of Bacteroides
- Enterotype 2: with a predominance of Prevotella
- Enterotype 3: with a predominance of Ruminococcus
Negative Impact on Microbiota
- Antibiotics
- Laxatives
- Dysfunction of the gallbladder
- Sugar and fats
- Industrial preservatives and toxins
- Diet that causes constipation
- Fungal and bacterial infections of the intestines
- Contraceptives
- Stomach acid deficiency
- High level of stress
Mechanisms of Interaction of Microbiota upon the CNS
- Prevention of increased permeability of the intestinal barrier to bacterial LPS by microbiota
- Inhibition of the activation of inflammation
- Reduction of levels of inflammatory cytokines
- Increasing the tryptophan content - the precursor of serotonin
- Reduction of cortisol content
- Production of numerous neurotransmitters and neurometabolites
- Change the amount of GABA receptors in the CNS
Explore the impact of polysaccharides fermentation on gut microbiota, including changes in abundance of different bacterial species. Learn about the effects on Proteobacteria, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and more.
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