Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a prebiotic?
What is a prebiotic?
- A culture of microorganisms on a solid medium derived from one cell
- A pure culture of a fungus obtained from biological material
- Live microorganisms that have a beneficial effect on health
- A selectively fermented ingredient that modulates gastrointestinal microorganisms (correct)
What is an axenic strain?
What is an axenic strain?
- Live microorganisms beneficial for immune system modulation
- A population of cells with identical genetic material derived from one cell (correct)
- A pure culture of bacteria on a solid medium
- A pure culture of fungus from a patient
What is an ontohabitat?
What is an ontohabitat?
- All microorganisms that inhabit a specific niche within a macroorganism (correct)
- Selective fermentation ingredient for gut health
- A pure culture of a fungus obtained from a patient
- A culture of microorganisms on liquid medium
What is a colony in microbiology?
What is a colony in microbiology?
What is a probiotic?
What is a probiotic?
What is an isolate in microbiology?
What is an isolate in microbiology?
What is a colony in microbiology?
What is a colony in microbiology?
What is an ontohabitat?
What is an ontohabitat?
What is the impact of a high-carbohydrate diet on microbiota composition?
What is the impact of a high-carbohydrate diet on microbiota composition?
Which factor can have a negative impact on microbiota status?
Which factor can have a negative impact on microbiota status?
How does a low-carbohydrate diet affect microbiota composition?
How does a low-carbohydrate diet affect microbiota composition?
What is a potential consequence of diminished stomach acid levels on microbiota?
What is a potential consequence of diminished stomach acid levels on microbiota?
Which type of diet is associated with a higher proportion of Candida in microbiota?
Which type of diet is associated with a higher proportion of Candida in microbiota?
What effect does antibiotics have on microbiota status?
What effect does antibiotics have on microbiota status?
What is one of the mechanisms through which microbiota interact with the central nervous system?
What is one of the mechanisms through which microbiota interact with the central nervous system?
In the context of CNS diseases, what change in microbiota was observed in individuals with autism/Asperger's?
In the context of CNS diseases, what change in microbiota was observed in individuals with autism/Asperger's?
What is a symptom associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in the context of CNS diseases?
What is a symptom associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in the context of CNS diseases?
How do microbiota affect the intestinal barrier in relation to bacterial LPS?
How do microbiota affect the intestinal barrier in relation to bacterial LPS?
Which modification method is used in the treatment of human diseases involving microbiota changes?
Which modification method is used in the treatment of human diseases involving microbiota changes?
What is a possible consequence of reduced cortisol content due to microbiota interaction with the CNS?
What is a possible consequence of reduced cortisol content due to microbiota interaction with the CNS?
What was a change observed in microbiota structure in individuals with schizophrenia?
What was a change observed in microbiota structure in individuals with schizophrenia?
What effect do microbiota have on the tryptophan content in relation to serotonin production?
What effect do microbiota have on the tryptophan content in relation to serotonin production?
What are some host-dependent factors influencing the composition and distribution of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract?
What are some host-dependent factors influencing the composition and distribution of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract?
Which factor contributes to the distinction of three enterotypes of the intestinal microbiota in humans?
Which factor contributes to the distinction of three enterotypes of the intestinal microbiota in humans?
What is a characteristic of enterotype 2 in the human intestinal microbiota?
What is a characteristic of enterotype 2 in the human intestinal microbiota?
Which bacterial genus predominantly characterizes enterotype 3 in the human population?
Which bacterial genus predominantly characterizes enterotype 3 in the human population?
What are some microbiological factors that influence the composition and distribution of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract?
What are some microbiological factors that influence the composition and distribution of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract?
How do interactions between microorganisms affect the gastrointestinal tract's bacterial composition?
How do interactions between microorganisms affect the gastrointestinal tract's bacterial composition?
What role does diet play in shaping the enterotypes of intestinal microbiota in humans?
What role does diet play in shaping the enterotypes of intestinal microbiota in humans?
Which factor influences the composition of short-chain fatty acids in the gastrointestinal tract?
Which factor influences the composition of short-chain fatty acids in the gastrointestinal tract?
How are gastrointestinal parasites developmental forms typically detected?
How are gastrointestinal parasites developmental forms typically detected?
What is used to diagnose and identify protozoa parasites?
What is used to diagnose and identify protozoa parasites?
In the case of helminths, what can be found in the patient's stool for diagnosis?
In the case of helminths, what can be found in the patient's stool for diagnosis?
Which staining method is commonly used to detect blood parasites in peripheral blood smears?
Which staining method is commonly used to detect blood parasites in peripheral blood smears?
What type of preparations are commonly used for concentration of parasites?
What type of preparations are commonly used for concentration of parasites?
Where can tissue/organ parasites be found for diagnosis?
Where can tissue/organ parasites be found for diagnosis?
Which staining method is used to detect Cryptococcus neoformans cells in cerebrospinal fluid?
Which staining method is used to detect Cryptococcus neoformans cells in cerebrospinal fluid?
At what magnification were the furcocercariae Schistosoma mansonii observed in a microscopic slide?
At what magnification were the furcocercariae Schistosoma mansonii observed in a microscopic slide?
What is the definition of biotechnology?
What is the definition of biotechnology?
Which area does classical biotechnology focus on?
Which area does classical biotechnology focus on?
What distinguishes molecular biotechnology from classical biotechnology?
What distinguishes molecular biotechnology from classical biotechnology?
Which field does contemporary biotechnology NOT impact?
Which field does contemporary biotechnology NOT impact?
What is the primary focus of environmental biotechnology?
What is the primary focus of environmental biotechnology?
What term is used to describe the genetic material of all microorganisms included in the microbiota?
What term is used to describe the genetic material of all microorganisms included in the microbiota?
Which term refers to the collective genomes of all microorganisms inhabiting a particular environment?
Which term refers to the collective genomes of all microorganisms inhabiting a particular environment?
What is the term used to describe food that has proven beneficial effects on one or several functions of the organism, beyond its nutritional value?
What is the term used to describe food that has proven beneficial effects on one or several functions of the organism, beyond its nutritional value?
Which term describes all products of the metabolism of microorganisms within the microbiota?
Which term describes all products of the metabolism of microorganisms within the microbiota?
What is the bi-directional communication pathway connecting the intestine and intestinal bacterial biota to the central nervous system called?
What is the bi-directional communication pathway connecting the intestine and intestinal bacterial biota to the central nervous system called?
What is the definition of microbiota?
What is the definition of microbiota?
Which area of biotechnology is mainly related to health care, molecular diagnostics, and vaccine production?
Which area of biotechnology is mainly related to health care, molecular diagnostics, and vaccine production?
How many microorganism cells are believed to occupy the human body?
How many microorganism cells are believed to occupy the human body?
Which branch of biotechnology is primarily concerned with the production of biofuels and enzymes?
Which branch of biotechnology is primarily concerned with the production of biofuels and enzymes?
Which group constitutes the most numerous microorganisms inhabiting the human body?
Which group constitutes the most numerous microorganisms inhabiting the human body?
Which area of biotechnology deals with the creation of transgenic plants and selective cultures?
Which area of biotechnology deals with the creation of transgenic plants and selective cultures?
Where are about 10^4 to 10^11 cells found per 1ml of content in the human body?
Where are about 10^4 to 10^11 cells found per 1ml of content in the human body?
What do all microorganisms and their genetic material and metabolism products collectively refer to?
What do all microorganisms and their genetic material and metabolism products collectively refer to?
Which aspect of biotechnology focuses on maintaining biodiversity and using biological processes to remove environmental contaminants?
Which aspect of biotechnology focuses on maintaining biodiversity and using biological processes to remove environmental contaminants?
In which area of biotechnology is the creation of functional food an important aspect?
In which area of biotechnology is the creation of functional food an important aspect?
What term is used to describe live microorganisms that have a beneficial effect on health due to their effects on the microbiota of the digestive tract and immune system?
What term is used to describe live microorganisms that have a beneficial effect on health due to their effects on the microbiota of the digestive tract and immune system?
Which term refers to a pure culture/culture of a fungus obtained from biological material collected from a patient?
Which term refers to a pure culture/culture of a fungus obtained from biological material collected from a patient?
What does the term 'ontocenosis' refer to in microbiology?
What does the term 'ontocenosis' refer to in microbiology?
In microbiology, what does the term 'macroculture' specifically refer to?
In microbiology, what does the term 'macroculture' specifically refer to?
What term is used to describe a selectively fermented ingredient that brings about specific changes in gastrointestinal microorganisms for the benefit of the host's health?
What term is used to describe a selectively fermented ingredient that brings about specific changes in gastrointestinal microorganisms for the benefit of the host's health?
What are the main differences in metabolism used for identification of microorganisms based on biochemical properties?
What are the main differences in metabolism used for identification of microorganisms based on biochemical properties?
Which of the following is NOT a commercial biochemical diagnostic test used in most laboratories for yeast identification?
Which of the following is NOT a commercial biochemical diagnostic test used in most laboratories for yeast identification?
What is the primary purpose of isolating an axenic strain of fungi from biological material in mycological diagnostics?
What is the primary purpose of isolating an axenic strain of fungi from biological material in mycological diagnostics?
Which of the following is NOT a factor typically considered in the identification of microorganisms using biochemical methods?
Which of the following is NOT a factor typically considered in the identification of microorganisms using biochemical methods?
What is the purpose of commercial biochemical diagnostic tests like API 20 C AUX and Candida API?
What is the purpose of commercial biochemical diagnostic tests like API 20 C AUX and Candida API?
What is the primary purpose of prebiotics in the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the primary purpose of prebiotics in the gastrointestinal tract?
Which criteria should substances meet to be considered as prebiotics?
Which criteria should substances meet to be considered as prebiotics?
What is a synbiotic?
What is a synbiotic?
How do prebiotics and probiotics work together in the gastrointestinal tract?
How do prebiotics and probiotics work together in the gastrointestinal tract?
Which of the following best describes a synbiotic's activity in the body?
Which of the following best describes a synbiotic's activity in the body?
What distinguishes prebiotics from probiotics?
What distinguishes prebiotics from probiotics?
What is the main function of a synbiotic supplement?
What is the main function of a synbiotic supplement?
What characteristic should prebiotics have regarding their chemical structure?
What characteristic should prebiotics have regarding their chemical structure?
What is one critical aspect that distinguishes a synbiotic supplement from standalone prebiotics or probiotics?
What is one critical aspect that distinguishes a synbiotic supplement from standalone prebiotics or probiotics?
What is an essential requirement that prebiotics need to meet regarding their effect on gastrointestinal microbiota?
What is an essential requirement that prebiotics need to meet regarding their effect on gastrointestinal microbiota?
Study Notes
Microbiota and Human Health
- Microbiota: a group of microorganisms that inhabit a particular environment, including the human body
- Human body is believed to be occupied by around 4×10^13 microorganism cells, which is ten times the number of human body cells
- Microorganisms inhabiting the human body include bacteria, yeasts, viruses, and fungi, which play an essential role in maintaining microbial balance
Microbiome and Microbiota
- Microbiome: all microorganisms and their genetic material and metabolism products
- Microbiota: all microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, and viruses, coexisting in various sites of the human body (gut, skin, lung, oral cavity)
Probiotics and Prebiotics
- Probiotic: live microorganisms that have a beneficial effect on health through quantitative and qualitative effects on the microbiota of the digestive tract and/or modification of the immune system
- Prebiotic: selectively fermented ingredient that allows specific changes in the composition and/or activity of gastrointestinal microorganisms with beneficial effects on the health and well-being of the host
Factors Affecting Microbiota
- Host-dependent factors: pH, immunoglobulins, bile salts, enzymes, intestinal motility, mucins, tissue secretions
- Microbiological factors: adhesion, mobility, ability to absorb carbon from various compounds, spores, enzymes, antibacterial compounds
- Interactions between microorganisms: protectionist/antagonistic interactions, cooperation in the use of various carbon sources, competition
- Diet: composition, non-digestible cellulose fibers, medicines
Enterotypes of Intestinal Microbiota
- Three enterotypes of intestinal microbiota are distinguished in the human population:
- Enterotype 1: with a predominance of Bacteroides
- Enterotype 2: with a predominance of Prevotella
- Enterotype 3: with a predominance of Ruminococcus
Negative Impact on Microbiota
- Antibiotics
- Laxatives
- Dysfunction of the gallbladder
- Sugar and fats
- Industrial preservatives and toxins
- Diet that causes constipation
- Fungal and bacterial infections of the intestines
- Contraceptives
- Stomach acid deficiency
- High level of stress
Mechanisms of Interaction of Microbiota upon the CNS
- Prevention of increased permeability of the intestinal barrier to bacterial LPS by microbiota
- Inhibition of the activation of inflammation
- Reduction of levels of inflammatory cytokines
- Increasing the tryptophan content - the precursor of serotonin
- Reduction of cortisol content
- Production of numerous neurotransmitters and neurometabolites
- Change the amount of GABA receptors in the CNS
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