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Questions and Answers
What is the central energy-yielding pathway in most non-photosynthetic cells?
What is the central energy-yielding pathway in most non-photosynthetic cells?
- Calvin cycle
- Krebs cycle
- Glycolysis (correct)
- Electron transport chain
What determines the intracellular destination or metabolic fate of glycoconjugates?
What determines the intracellular destination or metabolic fate of glycoconjugates?
- Lipids
- Carbohydrate polymers (correct)
- Nucleic acids
- Proteins
What is the empirical formula for many carbohydrates?
What is the empirical formula for many carbohydrates?
- $(C6H12O6)_n$
- $(CH2O)_n$ (correct)
- $(COOH)_n$
- $(NH2)_n$
What type of polymers serve as structural and protective elements in the cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plants?
What type of polymers serve as structural and protective elements in the cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plants?
What process converts CO2 and H2O into cellulose and other plant products?
What process converts CO2 and H2O into cellulose and other plant products?
Which of the following is true about oligosaccharides?
Which of the following is true about oligosaccharides?
What determines the properties and function of a polysaccharide?
What determines the properties and function of a polysaccharide?
Why do polysaccharides store low molecular weight metabolites in polymeric form?
Why do polysaccharides store low molecular weight metabolites in polymeric form?
What is central to the function of recognizing oligosaccharides by sugar-binding proteins?
What is central to the function of recognizing oligosaccharides by sugar-binding proteins?
What creates a new chiral center in cyclic forms of monosaccharides?
What creates a new chiral center in cyclic forms of monosaccharides?
Which of the following is a characteristic of glycolipids?
Which of the following is a characteristic of glycolipids?
What is the role of glycosphingolipids?
What is the role of glycosphingolipids?
What is a major component of all extracellular matrices?
What is a major component of all extracellular matrices?
What are glycoproteins characterized by?
What are glycoproteins characterized by?
What is a proteoglycan unit composed of?
What is a proteoglycan unit composed of?
Which type of polysaccharide contains only a single monomeric sugar species?
Which type of polysaccharide contains only a single monomeric sugar species?
What is the main storage polysaccharide of animal cells?
What is the main storage polysaccharide of animal cells?
Which polysaccharide has n + 1 nonreducing ends and one reducing end?
Which polysaccharide has n + 1 nonreducing ends and one reducing end?
What type of glycosidic bonds does cellulose contain?
What type of glycosidic bonds does cellulose contain?
Which disaccharide is a reducing sugar?
Which disaccharide is a reducing sugar?
Which type of polysaccharide has a helical structure with interchain hydrogen bonds?
Which type of polysaccharide has a helical structure with interchain hydrogen bonds?
Which polysaccharide provides tensile strength and has a linear structure?
Which polysaccharide provides tensile strength and has a linear structure?
Which type of glycosaminoglycan is used to inhibit blood coagulation?
Which type of glycosaminoglycan is used to inhibit blood coagulation?
Which polysaccharide and oligosaccharide function involves facilitating cell-cell recognition, adhesion, and the immune response?
Which polysaccharide and oligosaccharide function involves facilitating cell-cell recognition, adhesion, and the immune response?
Which glycosaminoglycan assumes an extended conformation in solution and contributes to the tensile strength of cartilage, tendons, and ligaments?
Which glycosaminoglycan assumes an extended conformation in solution and contributes to the tensile strength of cartilage, tendons, and ligaments?
Which type of isomers differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom?
Which type of isomers differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom?
What is the product of the first alcohol molecule addition in the formation of cyclic structures of monosaccharides?
What is the product of the first alcohol molecule addition in the formation of cyclic structures of monosaccharides?
What is the basis for the initial preference for one isomer during evolution?
What is the basis for the initial preference for one isomer during evolution?
What reaction creates an additional chiral center (the carbonyl carbon) and produces either of two stereoisomeric configurations: α and β?
What reaction creates an additional chiral center (the carbonyl carbon) and produces either of two stereoisomeric configurations: α and β?
What is the function of phosphorylated derivatives of sugar at neutral pH?
What is the function of phosphorylated derivatives of sugar at neutral pH?
What is the general empirical formula for many carbohydrates?
What is the general empirical formula for many carbohydrates?
Which type of polymers serve as structural and protective elements in the cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plants?
Which type of polymers serve as structural and protective elements in the cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plants?
What is the central energy-yielding pathway in most non-photosynthetic cells?
What is the central energy-yielding pathway in most non-photosynthetic cells?
What is the main storage polysaccharide of animal cells?
What is the main storage polysaccharide of animal cells?
What reaction creates an additional chiral center (the carbonyl carbon) and produces either of two stereoisomeric configurations: α and β?
What reaction creates an additional chiral center (the carbonyl carbon) and produces either of two stereoisomeric configurations: α and β?
What is the main function of glycosphingolipids?
What is the main function of glycosphingolipids?
What is the primary location of glycolipids in a cell?
What is the primary location of glycolipids in a cell?
What is the defining characteristic of glycoproteins?
What is the defining characteristic of glycoproteins?
What is the role of lectins in relation to glycoconjugates?
What is the role of lectins in relation to glycoconjugates?
What is the primary function of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix?
What is the primary function of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix?
What is the term for two different optical isomers that are mirror images of each other?
What is the term for two different optical isomers that are mirror images of each other?
Which type of isomers differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom?
Which type of isomers differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom?
What is the process of interconversion of α and β anomers in aqueous solution called?
What is the process of interconversion of α and β anomers in aqueous solution called?
Which type of ring compounds are six-membered in structure?
Which type of ring compounds are six-membered in structure?
What is the term for derivatives formed by a general reaction between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones?
What is the term for derivatives formed by a general reaction between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones?
Which type of glycosidic bonds does cellulose contain?
Which type of glycosidic bonds does cellulose contain?
What is the main storage polysaccharide of animal cells?
What is the main storage polysaccharide of animal cells?
Which type of polysaccharide contains only a single monomeric sugar species?
Which type of polysaccharide contains only a single monomeric sugar species?
What creates a new chiral center in cyclic forms of monosaccharides?
What creates a new chiral center in cyclic forms of monosaccharides?
What is a proteoglycan unit composed of?
What is a proteoglycan unit composed of?
Which type of glycosaminoglycan is used to inhibit blood coagulation?
Which type of glycosaminoglycan is used to inhibit blood coagulation?
What type of polysaccharide provides tensile strength and has a linear structure?
What type of polysaccharide provides tensile strength and has a linear structure?
What is the function of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides as information carriers?
What is the function of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides as information carriers?
What is the structure of starch and glycogen?
What is the structure of starch and glycogen?
What is the characteristic of glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
What is the characteristic of glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
What is the term for the interconversion of α and β anomers in aqueous solution?
What is the term for the interconversion of α and β anomers in aqueous solution?
Which type of isomers differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom?
Which type of isomers differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom?
What are derivatives formed by a general reaction between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones called?
What are derivatives formed by a general reaction between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones called?
What type of ring compounds are six-membered in structure?
What type of ring compounds are six-membered in structure?
What do D and L isomers indicate in a Fischer projection formula?
What do D and L isomers indicate in a Fischer projection formula?
What is the defining characteristic of aldoses?
What is the defining characteristic of aldoses?
What is the main function of lectins in relation to glycoconjugates?
What is the main function of lectins in relation to glycoconjugates?
What creates a new chiral center in cyclic forms of monosaccharides?
What creates a new chiral center in cyclic forms of monosaccharides?
Which type of polysaccharide provides tensile strength and has a linear structure?
Which type of polysaccharide provides tensile strength and has a linear structure?
What is the primary function of polysaccharides with 10+ monosaccharide units?
What is the primary function of polysaccharides with 10+ monosaccharide units?
Which type of polysaccharide has n + 1 nonreducing ends and one reducing end?
Which type of polysaccharide has n + 1 nonreducing ends and one reducing end?
What creates a new chiral center in cyclic forms of monosaccharides?
What creates a new chiral center in cyclic forms of monosaccharides?
Which type of isomers differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom?
Which type of isomers differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom?
What is a major component of all extracellular matrices?
What is a major component of all extracellular matrices?
What is central to the function of recognizing oligosaccharides by sugar-binding proteins?
What is central to the function of recognizing oligosaccharides by sugar-binding proteins?
Which type of isomers are mirror images of each other?
Which type of isomers are mirror images of each other?
What is the general reaction that forms hemiacetals and hemiketals?
What is the general reaction that forms hemiacetals and hemiketals?
What is the process of interconversion of α and β anomers in aqueous solution called?
What is the process of interconversion of α and β anomers in aqueous solution called?
Which type of ring compounds are pyranoses?
Which type of ring compounds are pyranoses?
What do D and L isomers indicate in a Fischer projection formula?
What do D and L isomers indicate in a Fischer projection formula?
Study Notes
Polysaccharides, Glycosaminoglycans, and Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides as Information Carriers
- Polysaccharides have rigid pyranose rings connected by an oxygen atom bridging two carbon atoms
- Hydrogen bonding is crucial due to the high number of hydroxyl groups in polysaccharides
- Starch and glycogen have a helical structure with interchain hydrogen bonds
- Cellulose has a linear structure and provides tensile strength
- Peptidoglycan reinforces bacterial cell walls and prevents cellular swelling and lysis
- Glycosaminoglycans are heteropolysaccharides in the extracellular matrix (ECM)
- Glycosaminoglycans have a high density of negative charge and assume an extended conformation in solution
- Chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and heparan sulfate are types of glycosaminoglycans
- Hyaluronan contributes to the tensile strength of cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
- Heparin is a highly sulfated form of heparan sulfate used to inhibit blood coagulation
- Polysaccharides and oligosaccharides are used as information carriers for communication between cells and their extracellular surroundings
- Oligosaccharide chains attached to components of the plasma membrane form a carbohydrate layer (the glycocalyx) that facilitates cell-cell recognition and adhesion, cell migration, blood clotting, the immune response, and wound healing
Monosaccharides and Their Derivatives: Key Features
- TAS1R2 and TAS1R3 encode sweet-taste receptors for monosaccharides
- All monosaccharides (except dihydroxyacetone) contain 1+ chiral carbon atom
- Binding of compatible molecules generates a “sweet” electrical signal in the brain
- Enantiomers are two different optical isomers that are mirror images
- Fischer Projection Formulas are used to represent three-dimensional sugar structures on paper
- D and L isomers indicate the configuration at the reference carbon
- D isomers are on the right (dextro) in a projection formula, while L isomers are on the left (levo)
- Epimers are two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom
- Hemiacetals and hemiketals are derivatives formed by a general reaction between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones
- Anomers are isomeric forms of monosaccharides that differ only in their configuration about the hemiacetal or hemiketal carbon atom
- Mutarotation is the interconversion of α and β anomers in aqueous solution
- Pyranoses are six-membered ring compounds, while furanoses are five-membered ring compounds
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Description
Test your knowledge of polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans, and their roles as information carriers in cellular communication with this informative quiz. Explore the structural and functional characteristics of these important biomolecules, including their involvement in cell adhesion, blood clotting, and the extracellular matrix.
