Polysaccharides and Glycosaminoglycans Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the central energy-yielding pathway in most non-photosynthetic cells?

Calvin cycle

Krebs cycle

Glycolysis (correct)

Electron transport chain

What determines the intracellular destination or metabolic fate of glycoconjugates?

Lipids

Carbohydrate polymers (correct)

Nucleic acids

Proteins

What is the empirical formula for many carbohydrates?

$(C6H12O6)_n$

$(CH2O)_n$ (correct)

$(COOH)_n$

$(NH2)_n$

What type of polymers serve as structural and protective elements in the cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plants?

Glycans Signup and view all the answers

What process converts CO2 and H2O into cellulose and other plant products?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about oligosaccharides?

They consist of short chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds Signup and view all the answers

What determines the properties and function of a polysaccharide?

The specific sugar, the way the units are linked, and whether the polymer is branched Signup and view all the answers

Why do polysaccharides store low molecular weight metabolites in polymeric form?

To avoid very high osmolarity that would result from storing them as individual monomers Signup and view all the answers

What is central to the function of recognizing oligosaccharides by sugar-binding proteins?

Molecular complementarity Signup and view all the answers

What creates a new chiral center in cyclic forms of monosaccharides?

Ring closure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of glycolipids?

They are plasma membrane components with oligosaccharide head groups Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glycosphingolipids?

They play a role in signal transduction Signup and view all the answers

What is a major component of all extracellular matrices?

Proteoglycans Signup and view all the answers

What are glycoproteins characterized by?

Having one or several oligosaccharides joined covalently to a protein Signup and view all the answers

What is a proteoglycan unit composed of?

Core protein with one or more sulfated glycosaminoglycan chains Signup and view all the answers

Which type of polysaccharide contains only a single monomeric sugar species?

Homopolysaccharide Signup and view all the answers

What is the main storage polysaccharide of animal cells?

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide has n + 1 nonreducing ends and one reducing end?

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What type of glycosidic bonds does cellulose contain?

$\beta$1→4 Signup and view all the answers

Which disaccharide is a reducing sugar?

Lactose Signup and view all the answers

Which type of polysaccharide has a helical structure with interchain hydrogen bonds?

Starch Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide provides tensile strength and has a linear structure?

Cellulose Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glycosaminoglycan is used to inhibit blood coagulation?

Heparin Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide and oligosaccharide function involves facilitating cell-cell recognition, adhesion, and the immune response?

Cell communication Signup and view all the answers

Which glycosaminoglycan assumes an extended conformation in solution and contributes to the tensile strength of cartilage, tendons, and ligaments?

Hyaluronan Signup and view all the answers

Which type of isomers differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom?

Epimers Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the first alcohol molecule addition in the formation of cyclic structures of monosaccharides?

Hemiacetal or hemiketal Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis for the initial preference for one isomer during evolution?

Unknown Signup and view all the answers

What reaction creates an additional chiral center (the carbonyl carbon) and produces either of two stereoisomeric configurations: α and β?

Reaction with the first alcohol molecule Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of phosphorylated derivatives of sugar at neutral pH?

Trapping sugar inside the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the general empirical formula for many carbohydrates?

(CH2O)n Signup and view all the answers

Which type of polymers serve as structural and protective elements in the cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plants?

Glycans Signup and view all the answers

What is the central energy-yielding pathway in most non-photosynthetic cells?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main storage polysaccharide of animal cells?

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What reaction creates an additional chiral center (the carbonyl carbon) and produces either of two stereoisomeric configurations: α and β?

Cyclization Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of glycosphingolipids?

Facilitate signal transduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location of glycolipids in a cell?

Outer face of the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of glycoproteins?

Oligosaccharides joined covalently to a protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lectins in relation to glycoconjugates?

Carbohydrate-binding proteins for recognition and high-affinity binding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix?

Act as tissue organizers and influence cellular activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for two different optical isomers that are mirror images of each other?

Enantiomers Signup and view all the answers

Which type of isomers differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom?

Epimers Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of interconversion of α and β anomers in aqueous solution called?

Mutarotation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ring compounds are six-membered in structure?

Pyranoses Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for derivatives formed by a general reaction between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones?

Hemiacetals Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glycosidic bonds does cellulose contain?

β1→4 glycosidic bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the main storage polysaccharide of animal cells?

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

Which type of polysaccharide contains only a single monomeric sugar species?

Starch Signup and view all the answers

What creates a new chiral center in cyclic forms of monosaccharides?

Formation of an acetal Signup and view all the answers

What is a proteoglycan unit composed of?

Protein and glycosaminoglycan Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glycosaminoglycan is used to inhibit blood coagulation?

Heparin Signup and view all the answers

What type of polysaccharide provides tensile strength and has a linear structure?

Cellulose Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides as information carriers?

Facilitating cell-cell recognition Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of starch and glycogen?

Helical with interchain hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

Assume an extended conformation in solution Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the interconversion of α and β anomers in aqueous solution?

Mutarotation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of isomers differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom?

Epimers Signup and view all the answers

What are derivatives formed by a general reaction between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones called?

Hemiacetals and hemiketals Signup and view all the answers

What type of ring compounds are six-membered in structure?

Pyranoses Signup and view all the answers

What do D and L isomers indicate in a Fischer projection formula?

Configuration at the reference carbon Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of aldoses?

They contain a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of lectins in relation to glycoconjugates?

Assisting in the recognition of oligosaccharides Signup and view all the answers

What creates a new chiral center in cyclic forms of monosaccharides?

Addition of a hydroxyl group from within the same molecule Signup and view all the answers

Which type of polysaccharide provides tensile strength and has a linear structure?

Cellulose Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of polysaccharides with 10+ monosaccharide units?

Energy storage Signup and view all the answers

Which type of polysaccharide has n + 1 nonreducing ends and one reducing end?

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What creates a new chiral center in cyclic forms of monosaccharides?

Addition of a hydroxyl group from within the same molecule Signup and view all the answers

Which type of isomers differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom?

Epimers Signup and view all the answers

What is a major component of all extracellular matrices?

Glycosaminoglycans Signup and view all the answers

What is central to the function of recognizing oligosaccharides by sugar-binding proteins?

Molecular complementarity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of isomers are mirror images of each other?

Enantiomers Signup and view all the answers

What is the general reaction that forms hemiacetals and hemiketals?

Reaction between alcohols and aldehydes Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of interconversion of α and β anomers in aqueous solution called?

Mutarotation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ring compounds are pyranoses?

Six-membered Signup and view all the answers

What do D and L isomers indicate in a Fischer projection formula?

Configuration at the reference carbon Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Polysaccharides, Glycosaminoglycans, and Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides as Information Carriers

Polysaccharides have rigid pyranose rings connected by an oxygen atom bridging two carbon atoms
Hydrogen bonding is crucial due to the high number of hydroxyl groups in polysaccharides
Starch and glycogen have a helical structure with interchain hydrogen bonds
Cellulose has a linear structure and provides tensile strength
Peptidoglycan reinforces bacterial cell walls and prevents cellular swelling and lysis
Glycosaminoglycans are heteropolysaccharides in the extracellular matrix (ECM)
Glycosaminoglycans have a high density of negative charge and assume an extended conformation in solution
Chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and heparan sulfate are types of glycosaminoglycans
Hyaluronan contributes to the tensile strength of cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
Heparin is a highly sulfated form of heparan sulfate used to inhibit blood coagulation
Polysaccharides and oligosaccharides are used as information carriers for communication between cells and their extracellular surroundings
Oligosaccharide chains attached to components of the plasma membrane form a carbohydrate layer (the glycocalyx) that facilitates cell-cell recognition and adhesion, cell migration, blood clotting, the immune response, and wound healing

Monosaccharides and Their Derivatives: Key Features

TAS1R2 and TAS1R3 encode sweet-taste receptors for monosaccharides
All monosaccharides (except dihydroxyacetone) contain 1+ chiral carbon atom
Binding of compatible molecules generates a “sweet” electrical signal in the brain
Enantiomers are two different optical isomers that are mirror images
Fischer Projection Formulas are used to represent three-dimensional sugar structures on paper
D and L isomers indicate the configuration at the reference carbon
D isomers are on the right (dextro) in a projection formula, while L isomers are on the left (levo)
Epimers are two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom
Hemiacetals and hemiketals are derivatives formed by a general reaction between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones
Anomers are isomeric forms of monosaccharides that differ only in their configuration about the hemiacetal or hemiketal carbon atom
Mutarotation is the interconversion of α and β anomers in aqueous solution
Pyranoses are six-membered ring compounds, while furanoses are five-membered ring compounds

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Description

Test your knowledge of polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans, and their roles as information carriers in cellular communication with this informative quiz. Explore the structural and functional characteristics of these important biomolecules, including their involvement in cell adhesion, blood clotting, and the extracellular matrix.