20 Questions
Why were some forests classified as 'Reserved' under the Forest Acts?
To restrict access to commercially valuable timber
How did the Forest Acts change the lives of pastoralists?
Restricted movement and grazing rights in certain forests
Why did the British officials distrust nomadic people?
They were viewed as criminal by nature and birth
What was the impact of the Criminal Tribes Act on communities of craftsmen, traders, and pastoralists?
It classified them as criminal and restricted their movement
Why did the colonial government want rural people to live in villages?
To have a settled population that was easy to identify and control
How did colonial rule affect the grazing grounds of pastoralists?
The grazing grounds were regulated and reduced in size.
Why did the colonial state want to transform all grazing lands into cultivated farms?
To increase its revenue collection and produce agricultural produce required in England.
Why were Waste Land Rules enacted in various parts of the country during the mid-nineteenth century?
To take over and give uncultivated lands to select individuals for cultivation.
What was the perception of uncultivated land by colonial officials?
It was considered unproductive as it did not produce agricultural produce.
What was the impact of the expansion of cultivation on the grazing tracts used by pastoralists?
It resulted in the decline of pastures and posed a problem for pastoralists.
What was the impact of restrictions on pastoral movements on grazing lands?
Grazing lands were continuously used, leading to a decline in quality of pastures
How did pastoralists adapt to the lack of pasture for large herds?
Some reduced the number of cattle in their herds
What was the impact of the taxation system on pastoralists in India during the mid-nineteenth century?
They had to pay tax on every animal they grazed, which led to a serious shortage of pastures due to decreased availability of grazing lands.
What forced the camel and sheep herding Raikas to find new places for grazing their animals?
Political boundaries between India and Pakistan
How did the collection of grazing tax change in the decades between the 1850s and 1880s in India?
The government started collecting taxes directly from the pastoralists and issued passes for grazing tracts
How did some richer pastoralists react to changes in their way of life?
They reduced the size of their herds and became settled peasants
What effect did the auctioning of the right to collect grazing tax have on pastoralists in India?
Contractors tried to extract high taxes to recover their money and earn profit, leading to increased financial burden on pastoralists.
According to the passage, what is the perception of many ecologists regarding pastoralism in dry regions and mountains?
Many ecologists believe that pastoralism is still ecologically the most viable form of life
How did the reservation of forests impact shepherds and cattle herders in India during colonial rule?
The reservation of forests meant that shepherds and cattle herders could no longer freely pasture their cattle in the forests.
What was the relationship between taxation and the availability of pastures for pastoralists during colonial rule in India?
Taxation led to a serious shortage of pastures as grazing lands were taken over for cultivation, and forests were reserved, restricting pastureland.
Explore the changes in the lives of pastoralists under colonial rule, including the shrinkage of grazing grounds, increased regulation of movements, and the adverse effects on their agricultural stock, trades, and crafts.
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