Colonial Rule and Reforms in Southeast Asia

Indirect rule involved local rulers maintaining control while European powers controlled external affairs and levied higher taxes, as seen in some regions of Africa. Direct rule involved removal of local rulers and greater European control, often leading to resource exploitation and conflict, as seen in Belgian colonization of Central Africa.

Thailand, under King Mongkut Ohulalongkorn, promoted Western learning, fostered good relations with European powers, and utilized Britain and France as buffers against encroachment.

The Sepoy Rebellion was a significant uprising against British rule in India, sparked by rumors of new rifle cartridges greased with animal fat that offended religious beliefs of Hindu and Muslim soldiers. The rebellion demonstrated the growing discontent with British rule and led to increased British control.

<p>The Berlin Conference established rules for the division of Africa among European powers, recognizing their claims and resolving disputes over trade and territory. It ultimately led to the colonization of almost the entire continent by European powers, with significant consequences for African societies and cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dollar diplomacy refers to the US's policy of investing in Latin American economies through loans and financial ventures. This approach was designed to secure economic and strategic advantages for the US by strengthening their influence in the region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ram Mohun Roy was a prominent Indian reformer who advocated for social and educational reform, promoting Western ideas while emphasizing Indian culture. His goal was to modernize India through a combination of traditional values and modern principles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Swadeshi boycotts were a movement to protest British goods and promote self-sufficiency through local production. The goal was to promote Indian industries and reduce dependence on British imports, fostering economic and cultural independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The &quot;new&quot; imperialism differed from the &quot;old&quot; by shifting focus from primarily trade to greater territorial control and direct administration, often motivated by resource exploitation and nationalistic ambitions. The &quot;old&quot; imperialism emphasized trading posts and missionary activities, while the &quot;new&quot; imperialism involved more direct political and military interventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Britain and France</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They controlled Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>African leaders were not invited and excluded from the conference because they were seen as insignificant to the European powers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imperialism is the practice of one country extending its power and influence over another country, often through military force or political dominance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sati was a Hindu practice where widows would immolate themselves on their deceased husbands' funeral pyres. The British eventually outlawed it in 1829 due to moral concerns and a desire to reduce the number of self-inflicted deaths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rhodes aimed to create a continuous chain of British colonies from Cape Town in South Africa to Cairo in Egypt. He envisioned connecting these colonies by a railroad network to facilitate trade and communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethiopia resisted European colonization efforts successfully, retaining its sovereignty. Italy repeatedly attempted to conquer Ethiopia, but failed in endeavors such as the Battle of Adwa in 1896.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The text highlights resistance by the Burmese monarch and a Vietnamese peasant revolution in the 1930s. The Burmese monarch resisted British colonization efforts, while Vietnamese peasants rebelled against French rule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Boers were descendants of Dutch settlers in South Africa who were also known as Afrikaners. They primarily engaged in farming and agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Muslim League was formed due to concerns among Muslims over the British policy of dividing India, which favored some groups over others. Its primary aim was to secure a separate Muslim nation after India's independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Roosevelt Corollary was an expansion of the Monroe Doctrine, which previously stated that European powers should refrain from colonizing or interfering in the affairs of Latin America. The Roosevelt Corollary asserted the right of the United States to intervene in Latin American nations that were considered to be engaging in &quot;chronic misconduct&quot;, such as failing to repay debts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Boer War was a conflict between British settlers and the Boers, who were descendants of Dutch colonists in South Africa and resented British control. The British emerged victorious, leading to the establishment of British rule in South Africa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Menelik II was the Emperor of Ethiopia who successfully resisted Italian colonization efforts. He played a crucial role in preserving Ethiopia's independence during a time of European imperial expansion in Africa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three empires that were weakening during the 19th century, creating opportunities for European expansion, were the Mughal Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Qing (or Ching) Empire. Their decline made them vulnerable to European influence and control, paving the way for European powers to colonize territories within their respective spheres of influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first legendary explorer to map out Central Africa.

Explorer who took control after Livingstone; worked for Leopold II of Belgium.

Local rulers keep authority under European oversight; higher taxes, less control.

Colonial powers centralize control, removing local rulers; can lead to resentment.

Movement against British goods, promoting local production and self-sufficiency.

U.S. strategy in Latin America through investment and loans.

Meeting to establish rules for dividing Africa among European powers.

Only Southeast Asian country to remain free due to strong leadership and Western relations.

Britain and France gained access after Portugal, controlling areas like Burma and Vietnam.

Africans were entirely excluded from the 1885 Berlin Conference that divided Africa.

Madero's Revolution failed due to anarchy in the north, Huerta's coup, and power struggles with other generals.

Economic growth led to labor unions, European immigration, and urbanization due to industrialization.

Shaka Zulu was a leader who fought against Boers and established a Zulu empire with a strong military.

The belief that Europeans had a duty to civilize 'lesser' peoples, seen as incapable of self-rule.

The period of British rule in India, noted for both benefits like infrastructure and issues like corruption.

Imperialism is the expansion of a country's power through diplomacy or military force for gain.

The US became involved in imperialism during the Spanish-American War, asserting power in the Philippines.

A custom where widows self-immolate on their husbands' pyre.

A British businessman aiming to connect colonies from Cape to Cairo.

Ethiopia was one of the few African nations that resisted colonization.

Descendants of Dutch settlers in South Africa, also known as Afrikaners.

Founded to advocate for the rights of Muslims in India amidst division.

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine allowing U.S. intervention in Latin America.

Conflict between British and Boer settlers in South Africa, leading to British victory.

Leader of Ethiopia who resisted colonization by European powers.

A movement against colonialism, seeking rights and independence for Africans.

The competition among European nations to colonize African territories.