Immunotherapy 12.1: The Logic of Immunity

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of innate immunity in triggering adaptive immunity?

Secreting proteins that make blood vessels leaky and sticky

Recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Detecting and engulfing foreign pathogens

Providing a rapid, broad defense against pathogens (correct)

Which cells are responsible for detecting and engulfing foreign pathogens?

Dendritic cell

Eosinophil

Neutrophil

Macrophage (correct)

What is the primary function of mast cells in the immune response?

Detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Irritating tissues to expel parasites and pollen (correct)

Orchestrating inflammation

Activating T and B cells

Which type of cells are key in stimulating both T and B cells during the adaptive immune response?

Dendritic cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of activated innate cells during inflammation?

Secreting cytokines to induce local and systemic effects Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of the first line of immunity?

Chemical, mechanical, biochemical, microbial, cellular barriers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of dendritic cells in the immune system?

Activating naive T-cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of activated T-cells in the immune system?

Killing infected cells Signup and view all the answers

How do B-cells contribute to the immune response?

Generating antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of helper T-cells in the immune system?

Stimulating immune responses Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the function of regulatory T-cells?

Suppressing immune responses Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge that the immune system has to deal with?

Recognizing self vs foreign Signup and view all the answers

How can pathogens evade the immune system?

By inducing immunosuppression Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of immunotherapies?

To replace immune cells Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is associated with CAR-T therapy?

Fatal autoimmune reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of checkpoint blockade therapy in cancer treatment?

Blocking 'off switches' on T-cells Signup and view all the answers

What is being explored in immunotherapies to reverse 'exhausted' T-cells back to effector T-cells?

Utilizing checkpoint blockade therapy in macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer is CAR-T therapy most effective against?

Liquid tumors Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Dendritic cells are key players in the immune system, they engage with pathogens, they migrate to lymph nodes and activate naive T-cells.
Activated T-cells can respond specifically to the pathogen, they mature, proliferate and differentiate into effector T-cells and memory T-cells.
B-cells, activated by helper T-cells, generate antibodies to neutralize, opsonize and complement pathogens.
T-cells are a crucial part of the immune system, they are our last line of defense against pathogens and cancer. Effector T-cells kill infected cells and activate other immune cells.
Helper T-cells stimulate immune responses by activating other immune cells such as B-cells and macrophages. Regulatory T-cells suppress immune responses to prevent autoimmunity.
The immune system has to deal with various challenges, including recognizing self vs foreign, active vs suppressed, and specific mechanisms to control immune responses.
Pathogens can evade the immune system by mutating, hiding, or inducing immunosuppression.
Immunotherapies aim to engineer the "right type of response" rather than a "strong response," using mechanisms such as immunosuppression, immune-stimulation, and full replacement of immune cells.
CAR-T therapy, a type of immunotherapy, involves engineering a patient's T-cells to recognize and attack cancer cells. It's effective against liquid tumors but less so against solid tumors and can have side effects like cytokine storm, CAR lymphomas, and safety concerns.
Checkpoint blockade therapy, another type of immunotherapy, uses antibodies to block "off switches" on T-cells, allowing them to attack cancer cells. It has seen great success in solid tumors but can have safety concerns, such as rare fatal autoimmune reactions and variable responses depending on the cancer.
Immunotherapies using memory T-cells and engineered responses like natural killer cells and checkpoint blockade therapy in macrophages are also being explored. The immune system has a short window of time to reverse "exhausted" T-cells back to effector T-cells before they reach a point of irreversibility.

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Description

Test your understanding of the general logic of immunology, which involves multi-layered defense systems, innate and adaptive immunity, and the first line of immunity barriers. Explore the concepts of triggering adaptive immunity and the requirements for innate immunity.