Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is the first line of immunity?
Which cells detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?
What type of cells orchestrate inflammation?
Which cells are known to 'irritate' the tissue to help expel parasites and pollen?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of immunity is specific and slow?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cells are required to trigger adaptive immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cells engulf bugs, viruses, and fungi?
Signup and view all the answers
What do activated innate cells secrete to induce local and systemic effects?
Signup and view all the answers
What initiates the inflammation process?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of cells are known to detect a threat and trigger innate immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
What can be stimulated to help overcome foreign pathogens?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of effector T-cells?
Signup and view all the answers
How are B-cells activated in the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main role of regulatory T-cells in the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
How can pathogens evade the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the focus of immunotherapies?
Signup and view all the answers
'CAR-T therapy' involves engineering which type of cells in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
'Checkpoint blockade therapy' uses antibodies to block what in T-cells?
Signup and view all the answers
'CAR-T therapy' is effective against which type of tumors?
Signup and view all the answers
'Checkpoint blockade therapy' has seen great success in treating which type of tumors?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
- Dendritic cells are key players in the immune system, they engage with pathogens, they migrate to lymph nodes and activate naive T-cells.
- Activated T-cells can respond specifically to the pathogen, they mature, proliferate and differentiate into effector T-cells and memory T-cells.
- B-cells, activated by helper T-cells, generate antibodies to neutralize, opsonize and complement pathogens.
- T-cells are a crucial part of the immune system, they are our last line of defense against pathogens and cancer. Effector T-cells kill infected cells and activate other immune cells.
- Helper T-cells stimulate immune responses by activating other immune cells such as B-cells and macrophages. Regulatory T-cells suppress immune responses to prevent autoimmunity.
- The immune system has to deal with various challenges, including recognizing self vs foreign, active vs suppressed, and specific mechanisms to control immune responses.
- Pathogens can evade the immune system by mutating, hiding, or inducing immunosuppression.
- Immunotherapies aim to engineer the "right type of response" rather than a "strong response," using mechanisms such as immunosuppression, immune-stimulation, and full replacement of immune cells.
- CAR-T therapy, a type of immunotherapy, involves engineering a patient's T-cells to recognize and attack cancer cells. It's effective against liquid tumors but less so against solid tumors and can have side effects like cytokine storm, CAR lymphomas, and safety concerns.
- Checkpoint blockade therapy, another type of immunotherapy, uses antibodies to block "off switches" on T-cells, allowing them to attack cancer cells. It has seen great success in solid tumors but can have safety concerns, such as rare fatal autoimmune reactions and variable responses depending on the cancer.
- Immunotherapies using memory T-cells and engineered responses like natural killer cells and checkpoint blockade therapy in macrophages are also being explored. The immune system has a short window of time to reverse "exhausted" T-cells back to effector T-cells before they reach a point of irreversibility.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on the general logic of immunology and the multi-layered defense system. Explore concepts such as innate and adaptive immunity, the first line of immunity, and the requirements for triggering adaptive immunity.
