Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the first line of immunity?
What is the first line of immunity?
Which cells detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?
Which cells detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?
What type of cells orchestrate inflammation?
What type of cells orchestrate inflammation?
Which cells are known to 'irritate' the tissue to help expel parasites and pollen?
Which cells are known to 'irritate' the tissue to help expel parasites and pollen?
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Which type of immunity is specific and slow?
Which type of immunity is specific and slow?
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Which cells are required to trigger adaptive immunity?
Which cells are required to trigger adaptive immunity?
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Which cells engulf bugs, viruses, and fungi?
Which cells engulf bugs, viruses, and fungi?
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What do activated innate cells secrete to induce local and systemic effects?
What do activated innate cells secrete to induce local and systemic effects?
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What initiates the inflammation process?
What initiates the inflammation process?
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Which type of cells are known to detect a threat and trigger innate immunity?
Which type of cells are known to detect a threat and trigger innate immunity?
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What can be stimulated to help overcome foreign pathogens?
What can be stimulated to help overcome foreign pathogens?
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What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune system?
What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune system?
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What is the function of effector T-cells?
What is the function of effector T-cells?
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How are B-cells activated in the immune system?
How are B-cells activated in the immune system?
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What is the main role of regulatory T-cells in the immune system?
What is the main role of regulatory T-cells in the immune system?
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How can pathogens evade the immune system?
How can pathogens evade the immune system?
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What is the focus of immunotherapies?
What is the focus of immunotherapies?
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'CAR-T therapy' involves engineering which type of cells in the body?
'CAR-T therapy' involves engineering which type of cells in the body?
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'Checkpoint blockade therapy' uses antibodies to block what in T-cells?
'Checkpoint blockade therapy' uses antibodies to block what in T-cells?
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'CAR-T therapy' is effective against which type of tumors?
'CAR-T therapy' is effective against which type of tumors?
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'Checkpoint blockade therapy' has seen great success in treating which type of tumors?
'Checkpoint blockade therapy' has seen great success in treating which type of tumors?
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Study Notes
- Dendritic cells are key players in the immune system, they engage with pathogens, they migrate to lymph nodes and activate naive T-cells.
- Activated T-cells can respond specifically to the pathogen, they mature, proliferate and differentiate into effector T-cells and memory T-cells.
- B-cells, activated by helper T-cells, generate antibodies to neutralize, opsonize and complement pathogens.
- T-cells are a crucial part of the immune system, they are our last line of defense against pathogens and cancer. Effector T-cells kill infected cells and activate other immune cells.
- Helper T-cells stimulate immune responses by activating other immune cells such as B-cells and macrophages. Regulatory T-cells suppress immune responses to prevent autoimmunity.
- The immune system has to deal with various challenges, including recognizing self vs foreign, active vs suppressed, and specific mechanisms to control immune responses.
- Pathogens can evade the immune system by mutating, hiding, or inducing immunosuppression.
- Immunotherapies aim to engineer the "right type of response" rather than a "strong response," using mechanisms such as immunosuppression, immune-stimulation, and full replacement of immune cells.
- CAR-T therapy, a type of immunotherapy, involves engineering a patient's T-cells to recognize and attack cancer cells. It's effective against liquid tumors but less so against solid tumors and can have side effects like cytokine storm, CAR lymphomas, and safety concerns.
- Checkpoint blockade therapy, another type of immunotherapy, uses antibodies to block "off switches" on T-cells, allowing them to attack cancer cells. It has seen great success in solid tumors but can have safety concerns, such as rare fatal autoimmune reactions and variable responses depending on the cancer.
- Immunotherapies using memory T-cells and engineered responses like natural killer cells and checkpoint blockade therapy in macrophages are also being explored. The immune system has a short window of time to reverse "exhausted" T-cells back to effector T-cells before they reach a point of irreversibility.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the general logic of immunology and the multi-layered defense system. Explore concepts such as innate and adaptive immunity, the first line of immunity, and the requirements for triggering adaptive immunity.
