Immunosuppressive Agents Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which class of drugs is primarily categorized as immunomodulating pharmaceuticals?

  • Glucocorticoids (correct)
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
  • Antibiotics
  • Antivirals

    • What is the primary function of immunosuppressive antibodies?

  • To stimulate immune cell production
  • To enhance the host defense system
  • To promote antibody synthesis
  • To block lymphocyte activation (correct)

    • Which treatment is often used to prevent acute transplant rejection?

  • Chemotherapy agents
  • Glucocorticoids (correct)
  • Immunoglobulin intravenous (IGIV)
  • Antihistamines

    • What is a major consideration when using immune globulin intravenous (IGIV)?

    <p>It is prepared from pooled plasma of healthy donors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glucocorticoids is commonly utilized in immunosuppressive therapy?

    <p>Hydrocortisone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the use of cytotoxic drugs in immunopharmacology?

    <p>They are effective for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the major component of immunoglobulin intravenous (IGIV)?

    <p>It contains predominantly monomeric IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of glucocorticoids in the context of immune response?

    <p>Reduction in immune system activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of tacrolimus?

    <p>Binds to FK506 binding protein and prevents IL-2 transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes tacrolimus in comparison to cyclosporine?

    <p>Tacrolimus is 10 to 100 times more potent than cyclosporine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is treated using the ointment formulation of tacrolimus?

    <p>Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the antidote for Cyclophosphamide toxicity?

    <p>MESNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adverse effects is associated with the use of tacrolimus?

    <p>Osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the use of tacrolimus in immune modulation?

    <p>It blocks T-cell activation similar to cyclosporine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism does tacrolimus mimic in inhibiting osteoclast maturation?

    <p>Osteoprotegerin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response can tacrolimus significantly inhibit?

    <p>Cell-mediated immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary function of histamine in allergic reactions?

    <p>Inhibiting the release of lysosome contents in T and B lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inflammatory cells can histamine attract through chemotaxis?

    <p>Neutrophils and eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are primarily mediated by histamine's actions in inflammation?

    <p>H2 or H4 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does histamine have on mast cells?

    <p>Stimulates the release of histamine from mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is NOT classified as a corticosteroid?

    <p>Cromolyn sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do corticosteroids function in relation to histamine and allergic reactions?

    <p>They inhibit the activity of histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism through which histamine release occurs?

    <p>Pathophysiologic response due to cellular granulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of mast cells in histamine synthesis?

    <p>Mast cells initiate histamine synthesis under allergic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily involved in the stabilization of mast cells?

    <p>Cromolyn sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells does histamine have the lowest affinity for, according to its chemotactic properties?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the receptors activated by histamine?

    <p>Histamine receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does histamine play in gastric acid secretion?

    <p>Histamine stimulates gastric acid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of drug overuse, which of the following statements is most accurate?

    <p>Over-the-counter availability contributes to drug overuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells is not directly involved in the synthesis of histamine?

    <p>Epidermal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic differentiates mast cells from basophils in the context of histamine?

    <p>Mast cells participate in immune responses and allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse reaction associated with anti-allergy medications?

    <p>Sedation and drowsiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does H3 autoreceptors primarily play in histamine release?

    <p>Inhibits histamine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is attributed to the indirect effects of histamine on the bronchi?

    <p>Production of nitric oxide mediated by histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the flare component of the triple response?

    <p>A clear flush extending about 1 cm beyond the red spot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do H3 heteroreceptors on non-histaminergic neurons function in relation to neurotransmitter release?

    <p>They modulate the release of other neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component reflects histamine's capacity to increase localized swelling?

    <p>Wheel formation at the injection site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct consequence of cyclic AMP signaling in gastric parietal cells?

    <p>Enhancement of acid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the autonomic actions on nerve endings in relation to histamine?

    <p>They contribute to the flare response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about histamine's inhibitory effects is accurate?

    <p>Histamine suppresses appetite through H3 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immunosuppressive Agents

    • Immunosuppressive agents are drugs designed to suppress the immune response.

    Glucocorticoids

    • Commonly used glucocorticoids include hydrocortisone, prednisone, and triamcinolone.
    • Often utilized in treatment for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.

    Immunosuppressive Antibodies

    • These drugs include immune globulin intravenous (IGIV) and tacrolimus.
    • IGIV is prepared from pooled plasma and helps reduce acute transplant rejection by suppressing cellular immunity.

    Mechanism of Action of Tacrolimus

    • Tacrolimus binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP), inhibiting T-cell activation by blocking IL-2 transcription.
    • It is reported to be 10 to 100 times more potent than cyclosporine in inhibiting immune responses.

    Cyclophosphamide and Antidotes

    • Cyclophosphamide is associated with risks such as cardiac toxicity and electrolyte disturbance.
    • MESNA is the antidote for cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity.

    Histamine and Allergic Reactions

    • Histamine plays a crucial role in gastric acid secretion and functions as a neurotransmitter.
    • It is synthesized in mast cells or non-mast cell sites and acts primarily through four G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).

    Allergic Response Mechanism

    • Mast cells and basophils release histamine upon activation by IgE antibodies, contributing to allergic reactions.
    • Histamine has chemotactic properties, attracting inflammatory cells like neutrophils and eosinophils.

    Effects of Histamine

    • Histamine induces vasodilation and can stimulate nerve endings, affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
    • It can promote wakefulness and has a stimulatory role in energy metabolism.

    Corticosteroids for Allergic Diseases

    • Common corticosteroids include beclomethasone, budesonide, and fluticasone used in managing various allergic diseases.

    Histamine Receptors

    • Histamine acts on H1 and H2 receptors, mediating effects like acid secretion and bronchial reactions.
    • H3 and H4 receptors modulate neurotransmitter release and can influence appetite and nociception.

    Clinical Decision Making for Health Providers

    • Understanding management and potential adverse reactions of immunopharmacological therapies is essential for physicians.
    • Awareness of drug interactions and the significance of individual drug mechanisms supports improved patient care.

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    Related Documents

    Pharma Immune System PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts related to immunosuppressive agents, including glucocorticoids and their applications in autoimmune diseases. It explores the mechanisms of medications like tacrolimus and cyclophosphamide, as well as associated antidotes. Test your knowledge of these crucial drugs and their functions in immune response suppression.

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