Immunosuppressant Cyclosporine

Which term is used to describe an increase in size of the gingiva in a strictly clinical descriptive way?

Which of the following is NOT a category of gingival enlargement according to the text?

Which is NOT listed as a cause of conditioned enlargement in the text?

Which disease is mentioned as causing gingival enlargement?

Which type of enlargement is specifically associated with gingival tumors?

Which category of drug is NOT mentioned as causing drug-induced gingival enlargement?

Which term is used to describe nonspecific conditioned enlargement in the text?

What is the reported incidence of pregnancy tumors?

What is the characteristic color of enlarged gingiva during pregnancy?

What distinguishes pubertal gingival enlargement from uncomplicated chronic inflammatory gingival enlargement?

Which systemic disease may result in gingival enlargement characterized by a shiny surface and moderate firmness?

What type of disease is sarcoidosis?

What characterizes plasma cell gingivitis?

What distinguishes pyogenic granuloma from conditioned gingival enlargement seen during pregnancy?

What type of tumors are most lesions referred to by the term 'epulis'?

What type of gingival enlargement is confined to the marginal gingiva?

Which grade of gingival enlargement involves papilla and marginal gingiva?

What is the common site of involvement for gingivitis and gingival enlargement in mouth breathers?

Which drug is a hydantoin known to induce gingival enlargement?

What is the typical appearance of a gingival abscess in its early stages?

What is the etiology of acute inflammatory gingival enlargement?

What is the characteristic appearance of drug-induced gingival enlargement in its early stages?

What is the most common site of involvement for drug-induced gingival enlargement?

Which drug class inhibits calcium ion influx across the cell membrane of heart and smooth muscle cells?

What is the mechanism of action of Cyclosporine A?

Which drug, often used in kidney transplant recipients, can induce gingival enlargement in 20% of patients?

Which condition is characterized by a rare gingival enlargement of undetermined cause?

What type of enlargement occurs when the systemic condition exaggerates or distorts the usual gingival response to dental plaque?

Which systemic diseases can develop oral manifestations that may include gingival enlargement?

What is the most common site affected by idiopathic gingival enlargement?

What causes pregnancy gingival enlargement?

Which of the following is a benign proliferation of surface epithelium that may be associated with the human papillomavirus?

What is the most common malignant tumor of the gingiva?

Which condition is defined as a white patch or plaque that cannot be diagnosed as any other disease?

What is the common association of leukoplakia?

Which of the following is not a true enlargement of the gingival tissues, but may appear as such due to underlying osseous or dental tissues?

Which condition is characterized by rapid growth and early metastasis and tends to occur in the hard palate and maxillary gingiva of older persons?

Which condition accounts for less than 3% of all malignant tumors in the body, but is the sixth most common cancer in males and the twelfth most common in females?

What are the four main categories of gingival enlargement according to the text?

What are the two subtypes of inflammatory enlargement listed in the text?

Which drug class is NOT mentioned as a cause of drug-induced gingival enlargement in the text?

What are the five systemic diseases or conditions that are listed as causing conditioned enlargement in the text?

Which systemic disease is mentioned as causing gingival enlargement characterized by a shiny surface and moderate firmness?

What is the characteristic appearance of drug-induced gingival enlargement in its early stages?

What is the common site of involvement for gingivitis and gingival enlargement in mouth breathers?

What is the mechanism of action of Cyclosporine A, which can induce drug-induced gingival enlargement?

What are the criteria used to designate gingival enlargement based on location and distribution?

What is the scoring for Grade II gingival enlargement?

What causes chronic inflammatory gingival enlargement?

What are the clinical features of gingivitis and gingival enlargement in mouth breathers?

What is the etiology of acute inflammatory gingival enlargement?

What is the characteristic appearance of drug-induced gingival enlargement?

What is the common site of involvement for drug-induced gingival enlargement?

What are the drugs known to induce gingival enlargement?

What is the exact mechanism of action of Cyclosporine?

What is the reported incidence of Cyclosporine-induced gingival enlargement?

Which drug can replace nifedipine in some cases and does not induce gingival overgrowth?

What is the mode of inheritance for idiopathic gingival enlargement in some cases?

What type of systemic diseases can develop oral manifestations, including gingival enlargement?

What are the three types of conditioned gingival enlargement?

What specific hormonal changes lead to gingival edema and an increased inflammatory response during pregnancy?

What are the two mechanisms by which systemic diseases can affect the periodontium?

What is the reported incidence of pregnancy tumors?

What distinguishes pubertal gingival enlargement from uncomplicated chronic inflammatory gingival enlargement?

What is the common site of involvement for drug-induced gingival enlargement?

What type of enlargement occurs when the systemic condition exaggerates or distorts the usual gingival response to dental plaque?

What causes pregnancy gingival enlargement?

What is the characteristic appearance of drug-induced gingival enlargement in its early stages?

What is the characteristic color of enlarged gingiva during pregnancy?

What is the most common malignant tumor of the gingiva?

What is the characteristic appearance of malignant melanoma in the gingiva?

What is the most common malignant tumor of the gingiva?

What are the probable factors associated with leukoplakia of the gingiva?

What is the characteristic appearance of gingival papillomas?

What is the characteristic appearance of central giant cell granuloma?

What is the characteristic appearance of false enlargements of the gingiva?

What is the characteristic appearance of peripheral giant cell granuloma?

What is the characteristic appearance of hard fibromas of the gingiva?

The reported incidence of pregnancy tumors is between ______% and ______%

Gingival enlargement during puberty is characterized by prominent bulbous interproximal ______

The extent of the inflammation is exaggerated in patients with scurvy due to the massive ______ enlargement

Plasma cell gingivitis consists of a mild marginal gingival enlargement that extends to the attached ______

The differential diagnosis of pyogenic granuloma is based on the patient’s ______

Leukemic gingival enlargement may appear as a diffuse enlargement of the gingival mucosa, an oversized extension of the marginal gingiva, or a discrete ______ interproximal mass

Wegener’s granulomatosis is characterized by acute granulomatous necrotizing lesions of the respiratory tract, including nasal and oral ______

Fibromas of the gingiva arise from the gingival connective tissue or from the ______ ligament

Gingival papillomas appear as solitary ______ or cauliflower-like protuberances.

Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the ______.

Malignant melanoma tends to occur in the hard palate and maxillary gingiva of ______ persons.

Enlargement of the bone subjacent to the gingival area occurs most often with ______ and exostoses.

Malignant melanoma is characterized by rapid growth and early ______.

Leukoplakia is a white patch or plaque that does not rub off and that cannot be diagnosed as any other ______.

Gingival cysts of microscopic proportions are common, but they seldom reach a clinically significant ______.

Oral cancer accounts for less than 3% of all malignant tumors in the body, but it is the sixth most common cancer in males and the twelfth most common in ______.

Cyclosporine selectively and reversibly inhibit helper T cells, which play a role in cellular and humoral immune responses. Cyclosporine A is administered intravenously or by mouth, and dosages of more than 500 mg/day have been reported to induce ______ overgrowth.

Cyclosporine-induced gingival enlargement is more vascularized than phenytoin enlargement. Its occurrence varies, according to different studies, from 25% to ______ %.

Nifedipine, which is one of the most often used, induces ______ enlargement in 20% of patients.

Idiopathic gingival enlargement is a rare condition of undetermined cause. It has been designated by such terms as gingivostomatosis, elephantiasis, idiopathic fibromatosis, hereditary gingival hyperplasia, and congenital familial ______.

These drugs are the dihydropyridine derivatives (amlodipine, felodipine, nicardipine, nifedipine); the benzothiazine derivatives (diltiazem); and the phenylalkylamine derivatives (verapamil). Some of these drugs can induce ______ enlargement.

Pregnancy gingival enlargement may be marginal and generalized, or it may occur as a single mass or multiple ______ masses.

During pregnancy, there is an increase in levels of both progesterone and estrogen, which by the end of the third trimester reach levels 10 and 30 times the levels present during the menstrual cycle, respectively. These hormonal changes induce changes in vascular permeability, which leads to gingival edema and an increased inflammatory response to dental ______.

The specific manner in which the clinical picture of conditioned gingival enlargement differs from that of chronic gingivitis depends on the nature of the modifying ______ influence.

An increase in size of the gingiva is a common feature of gingival disease. The accepted current terms for this condition are gingival enlargement and gingival overgrowth. These are strictly clinical descriptive terms, and they avoid the erroneous pathologic connotations of terms used in the past, such as ______ and gingival hyperplasia.

Drug-induced enlargement is associated with certain types of medications. These medications include anticonvulsants, immunosuppressants, and ______ channel blockers.

Enlargements associated with systemic diseases or conditions can be conditioned, such as those occurring during pregnancy, puberty, Vitamin C deficiency, plasma cell gingivitis, and nonspecific conditioned enlargement (pyogenic granuloma), or they can be caused by systemic diseases such as leukemia, and granulomatous diseases like Wegener’s granulomatosis and ______.

Neoplastic enlargement refers to gingival tumors, and these can be either benign or malignant. Examples of benign gingival tumors include ______.

Pregnancy, puberty, Vitamin C deficiency, plasma cell gingivitis, and nonspecific conditioned enlargement (pyogenic granuloma) are examples of conditioned enlargements associated with systemic diseases or conditions. Additionally, systemic diseases like leukemia and granulomatous diseases can also cause this type of gingival enlargement. Another type of enlargement associated with systemic diseases is ______ enlargement.

The enlargement of the gingiva due to systemic diseases can include conditioned enlargement associated with pregnancy, puberty, Vitamin C deficiency, and plasma cell gingivitis. Nonspecific conditioned enlargement, such as ______, is also possible.

Drug-induced enlargement can be caused by medications like anticonvulsants, immunosuppressants, and calcium channel blockers. Another type of drug-induced enlargement is associated with the use of ______ A.

Gingival enlargements can be classified into different categories, such as inflammatory enlargement and drug-induced enlargement. Inflammatory enlargement can be chronic or acute, while drug-induced enlargement can be induced by anticonvulsants, immunosuppressants, and ______ channel blockers.

Gingival enlargement is designated as localized when it is limited to the gingiva adjacent to a single tooth or group of teeth, and generalized when it involves the gingiva throughout the mouth. It is also designated as marginal when confined to the marginal gingiva, and papillary when confined to the interdental papilla.

The degree of gingival enlargement can be scored as follows: Grade 0 indicates no signs of gingival enlargement, Grade I indicates enlargement confined to interdental papilla, Grade II indicates enlargement involves papilla and marginal gingiva, and Grade III indicates enlargement covers three quarters or more of the crown.

Chronic inflammatory gingival enlargement is caused by prolonged exposure to dental plaque, poor oral hygiene, irritation by anatomic abnormalities, and improper restorative and orthodontic appliances. Gingival changes associated with mouth breathing are often seen in patients who are mouth breathers.

Acute inflammatory gingival enlargement results from bacteria carried deep into the tissues when a foreign substance (e.g., toothbrush bristle, piece of apple core, lobster shell fragment) is forcefully embedded into the gingiva. The lesion is confined to the gingiva and should not be confused with periodontal or lateral abscesses.

Gingival enlargement is a well-known consequence of the administration of some anticonvulsants, immunosuppressants, and calcium channel blockers. The first drug-induced gingival enlargements reported were those produced by phenytoin (Dilantin). Other anticonvulsants that have the same side effect are the succinimides (ethosuximide [Zarontin], methsuximide [Celontin]) and valproic acid (Depakene).

Drug-induced enlargement may occur in mouths with little or no plaque, and it may be absent in mouths with abundant deposits. However, some investigators believe that inflammation is a prerequisite for development of the enlargement, which therefore could be prevented by plaque removal and fastidious oral hygiene.

Dilantin is a hydantoin that was introduced for the treatment of all forms of epilepsy, except petit mal seizures. Its relationship with gingival enlargement was reported shortly thereafter. Gingival enlargement occurs in about 50% of patients receiving the drug, although different authors have reported incidences from 3% to 5%. It occurs more often in younger patients.

Gingival enlargement caused by anticonvulsants starts as a painless, beadlike enlargement of the interdental papilla that then extends to the facial and lingual gingival margins. As the condition progresses, the marginal and papillary enlargements unite, and they may develop into a massive tissue fold that covers a considerable portion of the crowns; this may interfere with occlusion.