Patho Exam 1 quiz #1

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Questions and Answers

Which type of pain is characterized as dull, hard to localize, and difficult to diagnose?

Somatic pain

Acute pain

Visceral pain (correct)

Neuropathic pain

What type of opioid is primarily used to reverse severe symptoms of opioid overdose?

Butorphanol

Oxycodone

Naloxone (correct)

Morphine

Which opioid agonist is used for pain relief and can also lead to respiratory depression?

Hydromorphone (correct)

Celecoxib

Buprenorphine

Sumatriptan

What is the main action of aspirin as a non-opioid analgesic?

Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is an important nursing consideration when administering opioids?

Evaluate pain levels frequently Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs works specifically by acting on spinal cord and brain levels to provide pain relief?

Centrally acting drugs Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is specifically associated with the use of ergotamine for migraines?

Ergotism leading to gangrene Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is contraindicated for patients with cardiovascular disease due to an increased risk of heart attack and stroke?

Celecoxib Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant adverse effect of morphine that healthcare providers must monitor?

Respiratory depression Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should be discontinued a week prior to surgery due to its effects on bleeding risk?

Ibuprofen Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Nk cells in innate immunity?

They recognize and eliminate infected cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukocyte is most abundant in the human body?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin is predominantly found in mucosal tissue and plays a pivotal role in local immunity?

IgA Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine includes weakened microbes and is not likely to cause disease in healthy individuals?

Attenuated (Live) vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of cytokines in the immune response?

Enhance the inflammatory response and recruit leukocytes. Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response is characterized by the production of memory B cells?

Antibody-mediated immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in allergic reactions and responses to parasitic infections?

IgE Signup and view all the answers

How do monocytomas act in the immune response?

Phagocytize pathogens and present antigens to lymphocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three pathways of activation for the complement system?

Classical, Alternative, and Lectin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about T cell maturation is true?

T cells mature in the thymus and are integral for cell-mediated immunity. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes active immunity from passive immunity?

Active immunity is acquired through vaccination or infection, whereas passive immunity involves transferred antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the role of cytokines in the immune response?

Cytokines amplify the immune response by enhancing the activity of immune cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major complication associated with long-term therapy of interferon alfa-2b?

Flu-like symptoms and mental health issues. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential interaction to be aware of when administering cyclosporine?

Grapefruit juice significantly increases its toxicity. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding ibuprofen is correct?

It can lead to GI bleeding and should not be used with some herbal supplements. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical nursing consideration when administering acetaminophen?

The maximum daily dose should not exceed 4 grams in adults. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical adverse effect of prednisone?

Hypoglycemia. Signup and view all the answers

Echinacea is often used to treat what condition, despite not being FDA approved?

Wounds and injuries. Signup and view all the answers

Which class does aspirin belong to, and what is its primary action?

Salicylate with strong anticoagulant properties. Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored before administering immunizations?

Temperature to rule out fever. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of opioid agonists like morphine?

Provide profound analgesia by binding to opioid receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which opioid antagonist is crucial for treating acute opioid overdose?

Naloxone Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pain is described as localized but very sharp?

Somatic pain Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant adverse effect of using mixed opioid agonist-antagonist medications?

Dysphoria and hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism through which glucocorticoids provide anti-inflammatory effects?

Inhibiting the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is likely to cause gastrointestinal discomfort and bleeding as a common adverse effect?

Aspirin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary therapeutic use for Sumatriptan?

Relief of migraine pain Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary effect of interferons in the immune response?

Increase phagocytosis and enhance T cell activity Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medications interacts with both opioid receptors and adrenergic receptors?

Ergot alkaloids Signup and view all the answers

Which immunostimulant is prepared by recombinant DNA technology?

Interferon alfa-2b Signup and view all the answers

What is a common contraindication for the use of celecoxib?

Cardiovascular disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with long-term use of cyclosporine?

Increased risk of malignancies and infections Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is most commonly associated with opioid withdrawal after administering Naloxone?

Tremors Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable contraindication when administering prednisone?

Active infections Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is contraindicated for the administration of immunostimulants?

Autoimmune disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is commonly associated with the use of acetaminophen?

Liver damage Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical nursing consideration when administering ibuprofen?

Monitor for signs of kidney damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the main action of interleukins in the immune system?

Stimulate B-cell and plasma cell production Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant warning associated with the use of interferon alfa-2b?

Increased risk of neuropsych disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common interaction to consider when administering cyclosporine?

Grapefruit juice Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune system?

Engulf foreign cells Signup and view all the answers

Which leukocyte is responsible for processing antigens and presenting them to other immune cells?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in immune responses to bacterial infections and is the most abundant in the body?

IgG Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine contains previously weakened microbes and is unlikely to cause disease in healthy individuals?

Attenuated vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What role do cytokines play in the immune response?

Facilitate communication between leukocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity?

Antibody-mediated immunity relies on antibodies produced by plasma cells, while cell-mediated immunity is carried out by T lymphocytes. Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are considered the major producers of interferons during the immune response?

Macrophages and NK cells Signup and view all the answers

In what order do leukocytes rank in terms of abundance from most to least?

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils, Monocytes, Basophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of Basophils in the immune response?

Release histamine and initiate inflammatory response Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immune System Overview

Continuous exposure to foreign invaders: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and multicellular animals.
Immunomodulators: drugs that can stimulate or suppress body defenses.

Innate Body Defenses

Lymphatic System: Guards the body against pathogens using lymphoid cells, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and lymph nodes.
First Line of Defense: General physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes.
Key Innate Immunity Cells:
- Phagocytes: Include neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells.
- Lymphocytes: Always produce antibodies; include T cells (cell-mediated response) and B cells (antibody production).
- Myelocytes:
  - Neutrophils (60-70% of leukocytes): Target bacteria by moving to injury sites.
  - Eosinophils (1-4%): Combat allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
  - Basophils (~1%): Release histamines, crucial for immune responses.

The Complement System

Group of proteins in circulation to destroy pathogens through three activation pathways: classical, lectin, and alternative.
Functions enhance inflammatory response, increase phagocytosis, and aid in pathogen clearance.

Mediators of Innate Immunity

Cytokines: Facilitate chemotaxis of leukocytes and inhibit viral replication.
Key Producers: Macrophages and NK cells; include interleukins (communication) and interferons (antiviral activity).

Adaptive Body Defenses

Second Line of Defense: Specific responses involving lymphocytes.
Antigens: Microbes and foreign substances that trigger responses.
Types of Immunity:
- Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity via B lymphocytes forming plasma cells.
- Cell-mediated immunity involving T lymphocytes.

Immunoglobulins

IgG: Most abundant; crosses placenta; protects against various pathogens.
IgA: Found in mucosal tissues; prevents virus attachment.
IgM: First antibody to respond.
IgE: Involved in allergic responses.

Immunization Agents

Vaccines: Stimulate immune responses for infection prevention.
Types include:
- Attenuated: Weakened microbes (e.g., MMR).
- Inactivated: Killed microbes needing boosters (e.g., influenza).
- Toxoid: Bacterial toxins (e.g., tetanus).

Active vs Passive Immunity

Active Immunity: Developed through actual infection or vaccination.
Passive Immunity: Transfer of pre-formed antibodies (e.g., maternal antibodies).

Cell-mediated Immunity

Helper T cells: Activate immune cells.
Cytotoxic T cells: Target and kill infected/cancerous cells.
Produces cytokines that boost immune response.

Medications

Immunostimulants (e.g., Interferon alfa-2b): Treat cancers/viral infections; may cause flu-like symptoms and immunosuppression.
Cyclosporine: Immunosuppressant; prevents transplant rejection; may cause nephrotoxicity and infections.
Ibuprofen: NSAID; reduces inflammation and pain, but may cause GI distress.
Aspirin: NSAID with anticoagulant properties; risks include GI bleeding and Reye's syndrome.
Prednisone: Corticosteroid; used for inflammation; can cause hyperglycemia and immunosuppression.
Acetaminophen: Analgesic and antipyretic; risk of liver damage in overdose.

Pain Management

Classification: Acute vs chronic; somatic vs visceral pain.
Opioid Analgesics: Used for severe pain; includes morphine and naloxone (antagonist to opioids).
Migraine Treatment: Medications like sumatriptan and ergotamine target migraines by constricting blood vessels.

Nursing Considerations

Monitor vital signs before vaccinations; avoid in autoimmune disorders.
Educate patients about potential side effects and interactions of medications.
Taper off immunosuppressants to prevent withdrawal effects.