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Questions and Answers
What role do macrophages play in the activation of B lymphocytes during an immune response?
What role do macrophages play in the activation of B lymphocytes during an immune response?
- They only secrete antibodies relevant to the antigen.
- They present antigens and provide growth factors like interleukin-1. (correct)
- They directly eliminate B lymphocytes that are not activated.
- They convert antigens into memory cells by themselves.
How do activated T-helper cells enhance the immune response?
How do activated T-helper cells enhance the immune response?
- By releasing enzymes that destroy B lymphocytes.
- By promoting extreme activation and growth of B lymphocytes. (correct)
- By directly presenting antigens to macrophages.
- By phagocytizing antigens themselves.
What substance do macrophages secrete to promote the growth of lymphocytes?
What substance do macrophages secrete to promote the growth of lymphocytes?
- Cytokine-2
- Interleukin-1 (correct)
- Interferon
- Tumor necrosis factor
What occurs to antigens after they are phagocytized by macrophages?
What occurs to antigens after they are phagocytized by macrophages?
What is the primary function of T-helper cells after activation?
What is the primary function of T-helper cells after activation?
What is the primary role of regulatory T cells in the immune system?
What is the primary role of regulatory T cells in the immune system?
During which process do T lymphocytes develop tolerance to the body’s own tissues?
During which process do T lymphocytes develop tolerance to the body’s own tissues?
What consequence arises from injecting a strong antigen into a fetus during lymphocyte preprocessing?
What consequence arises from injecting a strong antigen into a fetus during lymphocyte preprocessing?
HIV primarily targets which type of immune cell, leading to compromised immunity?
HIV primarily targets which type of immune cell, leading to compromised immunity?
What is a potential outcome of glomerulonephritis related to basement membranes?
What is a potential outcome of glomerulonephritis related to basement membranes?
Which of the following substances is primarily responsible for attacking bacteria and causing them to dissolute?
Which of the following substances is primarily responsible for attacking bacteria and causing them to dissolute?
What role do Basic Polypeptides play in the immune response?
What role do Basic Polypeptides play in the immune response?
Which immune cells are capable of recognizing and destroying tumor cells?
Which immune cells are capable of recognizing and destroying tumor cells?
How does the Complement Complex contribute to immunity?
How does the Complement Complex contribute to immunity?
Where are lymphocytes primarily found in the body?
Where are lymphocytes primarily found in the body?
What is one of the main features that make proteins and large polysaccharides antigenic?
What is one of the main features that make proteins and large polysaccharides antigenic?
Which of the following correctly describes the function of lymphoid tissue?
Which of the following correctly describes the function of lymphoid tissue?
Among the following options, which immune component directly neutralizes foreign organisms and toxins?
Among the following options, which immune component directly neutralizes foreign organisms and toxins?
What is the primary consequence of excessive invasion of tissues by macrophages during delayed reaction allergies?
What is the primary consequence of excessive invasion of tissues by macrophages during delayed reaction allergies?
What characterizes atopic allergies in terms of antibodies?
What characterizes atopic allergies in terms of antibodies?
How can a person be immunized against bacterial diseases?
How can a person be immunized against bacterial diseases?
What is a common feature of toxins used in immunization?
What is a common feature of toxins used in immunization?
What type of organisms are used in live vaccinations?
What type of organisms are used in live vaccinations?
What is the role of IgE antibodies in allergic reactions?
What is the role of IgE antibodies in allergic reactions?
How is the genetic tendency for allergies passed on?
How is the genetic tendency for allergies passed on?
What is a notable effect of activated T cells during allergic reactions?
What is a notable effect of activated T cells during allergic reactions?
What is primarily responsible for the systemic effects observed during an anaphylactic reaction?
What is primarily responsible for the systemic effects observed during an anaphylactic reaction?
Which type of allergy is primarily mediated by the activation of T cells?
Which type of allergy is primarily mediated by the activation of T cells?
What can occur as a result of the increased capillary permeability during an allergic reaction?
What can occur as a result of the increased capillary permeability during an allergic reaction?
What is the primary treatment required to counteract the effects of histamine during anaphylaxis?
What is the primary treatment required to counteract the effects of histamine during anaphylaxis?
Which of the following statements about atopic allergies is true?
Which of the following statements about atopic allergies is true?
In the context of allergic reactions, what role do leukotrienes play?
In the context of allergic reactions, what role do leukotrienes play?
What is a common reaction involving localized symptoms in response to an allergen?
What is a common reaction involving localized symptoms in response to an allergen?
What can be a severe consequence of an allergic reaction if not treated promptly?
What can be a severe consequence of an allergic reaction if not treated promptly?
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Study Notes
Resistance of the Skin to Invasion by Organisms
- Skin acts as a primary barrier protecting against pathogens.
- Certain chemicals and cells in the blood target foreign organisms and toxins for destruction.
Key Components in Immune Response
- Lysozyme: Mucolytic polysaccharide that breaks down bacterial cell walls.
- Basic Polypeptides: Inactivate specific gram-positive bacteria.
- Complement Complex: Consists of about 20 proteins that aid in bacterial destruction.
- Natural Killer Lymphocytes: Identify and eliminate foreign and infected cells.
Role of Lymphocytes
- Locations: Lymph nodes, spleen, submucosal areas of the gastrointestinal tract, thymus, and bone marrow.
- Function: Intercept invading organisms or toxins and activate immune response.
- Macrophages: Phagocytize antigens and present them to adjacent B lymphocytes and T cells, promoting their activation.
Cell-Mediated Immunity
- Involves phagocytosis by macrophages, which digest invaders and present antigens to lymphocytes.
- Activated macrophages release interleukin-1, stimulating growth and reproduction of specific lymphocytes.
T Cells and Regulatory Function
- Regulatory T Cells: Suppress functions of cytotoxic and T-helper cells to maintain immune balance.
- Acquired Immunity Tolerance: Develops during T and B lymphocyte preprocessing, preventing an immune response against the body’s own tissues.
Immunization Mechanisms
- Injected Antigens: Dead organisms retain antigens for immunity (e.g., typhoid fever, diphtheria).
- Inactivated Toxins: Chemical treatment destroys toxicity while keeping antigens intact (e.g., tetanus).
- Live Attenuated Organisms: Mutated organisms that do not cause disease but confer immunity.
Allergies and Hypersensitivity
- Delayed-Reaction Allergy: Mediated by activated T cells; inflammation occurs upon repeated exposure to allergens.
- Atopic Allergies: Involves excess IgE antibodies, indicating a genetic predisposition.
- Anaphylaxis: Severe allergic reaction causing systemic symptoms, potentially life-threatening.
- Urticaria: Local allergic reactions, commonly known as hives.
- Histamine Release: Causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, leading to fluid loss.
Clinical Relevance of IgE and Allergic Reactions
- IgE Antibodies: Attach to mast cells and basophils, triggering release of histamine and leukotrienes during allergic reactions.
- Asthma Attack: Caused by leukotrienes affecting bronchiole smooth muscle, leading to potential suffocation if untreated.
Importance of Interleukin-1
- Acts as an essential activator in the immune response and promotes lymphocyte proliferation.
Summary of Antigen Presentation
- Efficient antigen processing and presentation by macrophages is crucial for activating appropriate immune defenses.
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