Immunology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What role do macrophages play in the activation of B lymphocytes during an immune response?

They only secrete antibodies relevant to the antigen.

They present antigens and provide growth factors like interleukin-1. (correct)

They directly eliminate B lymphocytes that are not activated.

They convert antigens into memory cells by themselves.

How do activated T-helper cells enhance the immune response?

By releasing enzymes that destroy B lymphocytes.

By promoting extreme activation and growth of B lymphocytes. (correct)

By directly presenting antigens to macrophages.

By phagocytizing antigens themselves.

What substance do macrophages secrete to promote the growth of lymphocytes?

Cytokine-2

Interleukin-1 (correct)

Interferon

Tumor necrosis factor

What occurs to antigens after they are phagocytized by macrophages?

They are liberated into the cytosol and presented to lymphocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of T-helper cells after activation?

To activate other immune cells and enhance their response. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of regulatory T cells in the immune system?

To suppress the functions of cytotoxic and T-helper cells Signup and view all the answers

During which process do T lymphocytes develop tolerance to the body’s own tissues?

Preprocessing in the thymus Signup and view all the answers

What consequence arises from injecting a strong antigen into a fetus during lymphocyte preprocessing?

Immunization against the injected antigen Signup and view all the answers

HIV primarily targets which type of immune cell, leading to compromised immunity?

CD4 T helper cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of glomerulonephritis related to basement membranes?

Immunization against glomerular basement membranes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is primarily responsible for attacking bacteria and causing them to dissolute?

Lysozyme Signup and view all the answers

What role do Basic Polypeptides play in the immune response?

They inactivate certain types of gram-positive bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells are capable of recognizing and destroying tumor cells?

Natural Killer Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

How does the Complement Complex contribute to immunity?

By activating a system of proteins to destroy bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

Where are lymphocytes primarily found in the body?

In lymph nodes, spleen, and various tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main features that make proteins and large polysaccharides antigenic?

Their stereochemical characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the function of lymphoid tissue?

It strategically intercepts invading organisms or toxins. Signup and view all the answers

Among the following options, which immune component directly neutralizes foreign organisms and toxins?

Lysozyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of excessive invasion of tissues by macrophages during delayed reaction allergies?

Serious tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes atopic allergies in terms of antibodies?

Presence of large quantities of IgE antibodies Signup and view all the answers

How can a person be immunized against bacterial diseases?

By injecting dead organisms with intact chemical antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of toxins used in immunization?

Their toxic nature has been destroyed while maintaining antigens Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms are used in live vaccinations?

Attenuated organisms that do not cause disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of IgE antibodies in allergic reactions?

To attach to mast cells and basophils Signup and view all the answers

How is the genetic tendency for allergies passed on?

From parent to child Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable effect of activated T cells during allergic reactions?

Release of multiple toxic substances Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the systemic effects observed during an anaphylactic reaction?

Histamine Signup and view all the answers

Which type of allergy is primarily mediated by the activation of T cells?

Delayed-reaction allergy Signup and view all the answers

What can occur as a result of the increased capillary permeability during an allergic reaction?

Loss of plasma from circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment required to counteract the effects of histamine during anaphylaxis?

Epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about atopic allergies is true?

They are caused by an excess of IgE antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of allergic reactions, what role do leukotrienes play?

Causing smooth muscle spasms Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reaction involving localized symptoms in response to an allergen?

Urticaria Signup and view all the answers

What can be a severe consequence of an allergic reaction if not treated promptly?

Death by suffocation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Resistance of the Skin to Invasion by Organisms

Skin acts as a primary barrier protecting against pathogens.
Certain chemicals and cells in the blood target foreign organisms and toxins for destruction.

Key Components in Immune Response

Lysozyme: Mucolytic polysaccharide that breaks down bacterial cell walls.
Basic Polypeptides: Inactivate specific gram-positive bacteria.
Complement Complex: Consists of about 20 proteins that aid in bacterial destruction.
Natural Killer Lymphocytes: Identify and eliminate foreign and infected cells.

Role of Lymphocytes

Locations: Lymph nodes, spleen, submucosal areas of the gastrointestinal tract, thymus, and bone marrow.
Function: Intercept invading organisms or toxins and activate immune response.
Macrophages: Phagocytize antigens and present them to adjacent B lymphocytes and T cells, promoting their activation.

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Involves phagocytosis by macrophages, which digest invaders and present antigens to lymphocytes.
Activated macrophages release interleukin-1, stimulating growth and reproduction of specific lymphocytes.

T Cells and Regulatory Function

Regulatory T Cells: Suppress functions of cytotoxic and T-helper cells to maintain immune balance.
Acquired Immunity Tolerance: Develops during T and B lymphocyte preprocessing, preventing an immune response against the body’s own tissues.

Immunization Mechanisms

Injected Antigens: Dead organisms retain antigens for immunity (e.g., typhoid fever, diphtheria).
Inactivated Toxins: Chemical treatment destroys toxicity while keeping antigens intact (e.g., tetanus).
Live Attenuated Organisms: Mutated organisms that do not cause disease but confer immunity.

Allergies and Hypersensitivity

Delayed-Reaction Allergy: Mediated by activated T cells; inflammation occurs upon repeated exposure to allergens.
Atopic Allergies: Involves excess IgE antibodies, indicating a genetic predisposition.
Anaphylaxis: Severe allergic reaction causing systemic symptoms, potentially life-threatening.
Urticaria: Local allergic reactions, commonly known as hives.
Histamine Release: Causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, leading to fluid loss.

Clinical Relevance of IgE and Allergic Reactions

IgE Antibodies: Attach to mast cells and basophils, triggering release of histamine and leukotrienes during allergic reactions.
Asthma Attack: Caused by leukotrienes affecting bronchiole smooth muscle, leading to potential suffocation if untreated.

Importance of Interleukin-1

Acts as an essential activator in the immune response and promotes lymphocyte proliferation.

Summary of Antigen Presentation

Efficient antigen processing and presentation by macrophages is crucial for activating appropriate immune defenses.

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Description

Test your knowledge on skin resistance and the body's immune response to foreign organisms and toxins. This quiz covers the presence of specific chemicals and cells in the blood that play a crucial role in immune defense.