Immunology Quiz on Innate Immune Response
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following cells are considered phagocytic cells in the innate immune response?

  • Erythrocytes
  • Lymphocytes
  • Neutrophils (correct)
  • Plasma cells

    • All cells in the innate immune response have phagocytic ability.

    False

    What is the primary function of natural killer (NK) cells in the immune system?

    To identify and destroy infected or malignant cells.

    The fluid that is drained from extravascular tissue and plays a key role in the immune response is known as ______.

    <p>lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of leukocyte with its characteristic:

    <p>Neutrophils = Take up neutral dyes Eosinophils = Pick up pink dye Basophils = Release histamine Lymphocytes = Involved in adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of plasma is made up of water by weight?

    <p>92%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells are types of granulocytes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one consequence of systemic inflammation.

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following breeds is considered to be at high risk for CPV-2?

    <p>Rottweilers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CPV-2 can survive in an environment for only a few days.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for CPV-2?

    <p>3-8 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CPV-2 has _____ antigenic variants.

    <p>three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with their respective conditions:

    <p>Myocarditis = Inflammation of the heart's middle muscle layer Gastroenteritis = Inflammation of the stomach and intestines Lymphocytopenia = Reduced lymphocytes in the blood Neutropenia = Reduced neutrophils in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common way CPV-2 is transmitted?

    <p>Direct contact with infected dog's bodily fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recovered dogs can still shed the virus for three weeks after recovery.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one test used for diagnosing CPV-2.

    <p>Positive fecal ELISA test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fungal infection is Coccidioides immitis classified as?

    <p>Systemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conidia can only grow in a dry environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chitin used for in fungi?

    <p>It makes up the cell walls of fungi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungal fruiting bodies are __________ reproductive structures.

    <p>macroscopic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the fungal infections with their respective types:

    <p>Athlete's foot = Cutaneous Histoplasmosis = Systemic White nose syndrome = Animal disease Coccidioidomycosis = Systemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following environmental disturbances could trigger outbreaks of Coccidioides immitis?

    <p>Dust storms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mycelia are loose and disorganized clusters of hyphae.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are arthroconidia and why are they significant?

    <p>Arthroconidia are a form of fungal spores that become airborne and can be inhaled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of Strangles/Equine Distemper?

    <p>Streptococcus equi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cattle living in poor conditions cannot contract shipping fever.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common symptoms of Strangles/Equine Distemper?

    <p>Nasal discharge, fever, loss of appetite, swelling of lymph nodes, cough.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bacteria that causes Strangles is __________.

    <p>Streptococcus equi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diseases with their characteristics:

    <p>Strangles = Caused by bacteria, has abscesses Influenza = Caused by a virus, no abscesses Ehrlichiosis = Zoonotic, may come from aquatic insects Shipping Fever = Results from stress and poor conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential consequences of stress on cattle during shipping?

    <p>Increased susceptibility to infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ehrlichiosis is contagious among horses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which seasons is Ehrlichiosis most commonly found?

    <p>Spring, summer, and early fall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign of vesicular stomatitis in cattle?

    <p>Oral lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sheep and goats typically show severe clinical signs when affected by vesicular stomatitis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two primary clinical signs associated with hoof lesions in pigs?

    <p>Lameness and pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vesicular stomatitis can affect __________ animals, including horses, cattle, swine, and camelids.

    <p>multiple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following clinical signs with the associated animal:

    <p>Oral lesions = Cattle Snout vesicles = Pigs Teat lesions = Cattle Hoof lesions = Pigs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical signs may be observed in humans infected by helminths?

    <p>Larvae visible within wound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true concerning the mortality rate of vesicular stomatitis?

    <p>Low mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Direct transmission of vesicular stomatitis can occur through contaminated objects.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schistosoma species can be commonly found in well-sanitized water systems.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common roundworm that is used as a model organism for research?

    <p>C. elegans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of testing may be necessary to diagnose vesicular stomatitis?

    <p>Lab testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parasitic helminths often lack a digestive system and absorb nutrients from the host's ______.

    <p>food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of helminths with their characteristics:

    <p>Platyhelminthes = Includes flatworms like trematodes and cestodes Nematodes = Includes roundworms and have cylindrical bodies Trematodes = Also known as flukes Cestodes = Also known as tapeworms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinctive feature of dioecious organisms such as schistosoma?

    <p>They have separate male and female individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Topical application of larvicide should be done for ______ days to treat certain helminthic infections.

    <p>2-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason Schistosomiasis is rare in the United States?

    <p>Good water sanitation system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immunology and Immunodiagnostic Methods

    • Barriers to Infection (Step 1): Block infection using antimicrobial chemicals in tears, normal microflora in digestive/respiratory tracts, mucus, urinary flow, skin, and stomach acid.
    • Infection (Step 2): If Step 1 is unsuccessful, infection occurs.
    • Immune System Defense (Step 2):
      • Innate Immunity: The first line of defense, acting from the start of an infection.
        • Phagocytosis is the key action.
        • It recognizes patterns (amino acids, proteins) on pathogen surfaces but does not adapt to pathogens.
      • Adaptive Immunity: An antigen-specific response from B and T lymphocytes, creating immunological memory.
    • Immunology Terms:
      • Antigen: Anything triggering an immune response (binds to immunoglobulin or T cell receptor).
      • Pathogen: Microorganism causing disease.
      • Immunoglobulin: Antigen-binding protein made by B cells.
      • Antibody: Secreted immunoglobulin.
      • Vaccination: Deliberate induction of protective immunity against pathogens.
      • Inflammation: A multi-step physiological response aiding innate immunity (can be localized or systemic).

    Components of the Innate Immune System

    • Phagocytic cells: All cells involved in the innate immune response have phagocytic ability. These include dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages.
    • Complement proteins: A key component of innate immunity.
    • Native defense cytokines: Critical components of the immune response.
    • Natural killer (NK) cells: Destroy cancer cells and cells with intracellular pathogens.
    • Antimicrobial peptides: Help combat pathogens.
    • Leukocytes (WBCs): Include lymphocytes for adaptive immunity and other specialized cells.
      • Lymphocytes: Originate in bone marrow and mature in primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow for B cells, thymus for T cells).
    • Serum and Plasma: Fluid components of blood, with plasma containing clotting factors.
    • Erythrocytes (RBCs): Red blood cells
    • Buffy coat: Contains platelets and leukocytes.
    • Leukocytes (types): Neutrophils (neutral dyes), eosinophils (pink), basophils (pink), and lymphocytes.

    Lymphatic System

    • Lymphatic System: A separate circulatory system that drains lymph fluid from tissues. Helps detect and fight pathogens.
    • Lymph nodes: Structures filled with lymphocytes. Act as checkpoints, triggering immune responses upon detection of pathogens.

    Immune cells

    • Myeloid and Lymphoid cells: Derived from bone marrow stem cells, divided into categories of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and granulocytes.
    • APCs: Engulf and process antigens, presenting them to lymphocytes; include monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
    • Granulocytes: Including neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils; release toxins or enzymes to kill targeted cells.

    Phagocytosis

    • Phagocytosis: The process by which phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens using lysosomes and amoeboid action.
    • Types of phagocytes: Neutrophils (actively mobile granulocytes), monocytes (precursors of macrophages), and dendritic cells (antigen presentation).
    • Steps in phagocytosis: Pathogen engulfing, pathogen digestion, and antigen presentation.
    • Phagocytic killing abilities: Using toxic oxygen to kill infected bacteria.
    • Pathogen Evasion techniques: Pathogens use various strategies to resist or evade phagocytic killing, including neutralizing toxic products, inhibiting phagocytes, or forming protective capsules..

    Inflammation

    • Inflammation: A nonspecific reaction to noxious stimuli; Symptoms include redness, swelling, pain, and heat.
    • Molecular mediators: Chemokines and cytokines; they trigger the inflammatory response, help localize the damage, destroy damaged cells, and isolate pathogens.
    • Steps of inflammation: Neutrophils arrive at the infection site, attracted by interleukins. Neutrophils release chemokines to attract macrophages.
    • Cytokines: Help in cellular communication and regulate immune responses.
    • Chemokines: Attract leukocytes.

    Antibody diversity

    • Mechanism of antibody diversity: Somatic recombination, hypermutation, and gene rearrangements of immunogenic cells.
    • Opsonization: The process by which antibodies mark pathogens for phagocytosis, targeting and destroying them more effectively.
    • Complement: Proteins that work in conjunction with antibodies to enhance the immune response. Complement activation achieves this through different pathways.
    • Neutralization: Antibodies binding to toxins or pathogens, blocking their ability to harm cells.
    • Agglutination: Antibodies sticking pathogens together, helping to isolate and destroy them.

    Antibody

    • Immunoglobulin G (IgG): The most common antibody in the bloodstream, exhibiting an important role in various immune responses.
    • Immunoglobulin M (IgM): The first antibody class secreted in response to an initial immune stimulation.
    • Immunoglobulin A (IgA): A critical antibody type for the protection of mucosal surfaces within the body.
    • Immunoglobulin D (IgD): An immunoglobulin with a crucial role in the activation of B cells.
    • Immunoglobulin E (IgE): A primary antibody in allergic reactions and parasite infections.

    Antibody diversity Mechanisms

    • Somatic Recombination: Unique mechanism for generating diverse antibody structures, by rearranging genes in B cells.
    • Hypermutation: Further enhances antibody diversity. Gene rearrangements occur during B cell activation, leading to increased diversity.

    Immunology Testing

    • In Vitro Antigen-Antibody Reactions (Serology): In-vitro tests to study antigen-antibody interactions; methods include precipitation reactions, neutralization, and agglutination.
    • Immunoblot/Western Blots: Detect antibodies or antigens via electrophoresis and antibody binding to specific target on a membrane.
    • AGID (Agar Gel Immunodiffusion) Allows for detection of antigens by antibody-antigen binding, producing a visible complex.
    • ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: Measures antibodies or antigens in a sample; a sensitive method for pathogen detection and diagnostics.

    Immunity Types

    • Adaptive Immunity: Acquired ability to recognize and destroy pathogens, only triggered by prior exposure, involves T cells and B cells.
    • Innate Immunity: First line of defense, including phagocytes, complement proteins, antimicrobial peptides, and other components of the immune system.

    Immunization

    • Artificial and natural forms of active and passive immunity.

    Vaccination Protocols

    • Types of vaccines: Live attenuated vaccines, killed vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, live vector vaccines, and conjugate vaccines.
    • Vaccine administration routes: Subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intranasal, and oral methods.
    • Herd immunity: Achieving resistance to disease in a population where a high percentage of people are immune to the disease.
    • Booster shots: Additional doses of vaccine to enhance or maintain immunity and strengthen immune response.

    Viral Diseases

    • Rabies: Causes neurological signs, often lethal, transmitted through animal bites.
    • Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE): Similar to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; fatal neurological disease that can be transmitted when consuming contaminated cattle products.
    • Canine Parvovirus: Very unstable, leading to the evolution of new strains; infects the intestines, causing severe illness in dogs.
    • Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPLV): Retrovirus affecting cats, leading to immunosuppression.

    Other Diseases

    • West Nile Virus: Viral encephalitis transmitted through mosquito bites, affecting the nervous system.
    • Ehrlichiosis: Caused by bacteria that infect cells, and can be zoonotic.
    • Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: Primarily impacts cloven-hoofed animals, causing blisters on the skin.
    • Toxo/Parasites: Harmful microorganisms, including protozoans and other infectious agents with diverse effects.
    • Cryptosporidiosis: Intestinal protozoan that sometimes causes severe diarrhea.
    • Fungal Diseases: Mycoses, like athlete's foot, that are caused by fungal microorganisms.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the innate immune response, focusing on phagocytic cells and their functions. This quiz includes questions about natural killer cells, leukocyte characteristics, and canine parvovirus (CPV-2) details. Enhance your understanding of immune mechanisms and disease transmission.

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