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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of immunologic memory in the immune system?
What is the purpose of immunologic memory in the immune system?
- To enhance the immune response upon second exposure to the same antigen. (correct)
- To produce more naive B cells after each encounter.
- To allow the immune system to forget previous infections.
- To prevent the production of antibodies against pathogens.
What differentiates memory B cells from naive B cells?
What differentiates memory B cells from naive B cells?
- Memory B cells express different antibodies than naive B cells.
- Memory B cells have a longer life span and express the same membrane-bound antibody as parent B cells. (correct)
- Memory B cells have a shorter life span than naive B cells.
- Memory B cells do not divide rapidly upon encountering an antigen.
What is the main function of plasma cells in the immune response?
What is the main function of plasma cells in the immune response?
- To initiate cell division in response to antigens.
- To differentiate into memory B cells.
- To recognize self antigens and activate other immune cells.
- To secrete large amounts of antibodies. (correct)
How do antibodies produced by plasma cells differ from membrane-bound antibodies?
How do antibodies produced by plasma cells differ from membrane-bound antibodies?
Which aspect of the immune system is responsible for distinguishing self from nonself?
Which aspect of the immune system is responsible for distinguishing self from nonself?
Which characteristic of adaptive immunity allows it to recognize billions of unique structures on foreign antigens?
Which characteristic of adaptive immunity allows it to recognize billions of unique structures on foreign antigens?
What is the primary function of B lymphocytes once they encounter their specific antigen?
What is the primary function of B lymphocytes once they encounter their specific antigen?
How are the heavy and light chains of an antibody connected?
How are the heavy and light chains of an antibody connected?
Where do B lymphocytes mature before they express unique antigen-binding receptors?
Where do B lymphocytes mature before they express unique antigen-binding receptors?
What is the role of the antigen-binding cleft formed by heavy and light chains in an antibody?
What is the role of the antigen-binding cleft formed by heavy and light chains in an antibody?
Which feature of the immune system allows it to distinguish between subtle differences among antigens?
Which feature of the immune system allows it to distinguish between subtle differences among antigens?
What type of antibodies do B lymphocytes produce upon activation?
What type of antibodies do B lymphocytes produce upon activation?
Which of the following attributes of adaptive immunity relates to its ability to remember past infections?
Which of the following attributes of adaptive immunity relates to its ability to remember past infections?
Who was awarded the Nobel Prize for research on serum antitoxins?
Who was awarded the Nobel Prize for research on serum antitoxins?
Which year did Karl Landsteiner win the Nobel Prize for the discovery of human blood groups?
Which year did Karl Landsteiner win the Nobel Prize for the discovery of human blood groups?
Which two scientists are known for their work on acquired immunological tolerance?
Which two scientists are known for their work on acquired immunological tolerance?
Who conducted research that led to understanding anaphylaxis?
Who conducted research that led to understanding anaphylaxis?
In which year did Daniel Bovet receive the Nobel Prize for his work on antihistamines?
In which year did Daniel Bovet receive the Nobel Prize for his work on antihistamines?
Which scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize for developing the yellow fever vaccine?
Which scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize for developing the yellow fever vaccine?
What significant contribution to immunology did F. Macfarlane Burnet and Peter Medawar make?
What significant contribution to immunology did F. Macfarlane Burnet and Peter Medawar make?
Which two recipients shared the Nobel Prize in 1972 for their work related to the chemical structure of antibodies?
Which two recipients shared the Nobel Prize in 1972 for their work related to the chemical structure of antibodies?
What molecules do CD4 T cells recognize in the immune response?
What molecules do CD4 T cells recognize in the immune response?
Which type of antigens are synthesized within virus-infected host cells?
Which type of antigens are synthesized within virus-infected host cells?
What is the process of converting proteins into MHC-associated peptide fragments called?
What is the process of converting proteins into MHC-associated peptide fragments called?
How do cytotoxic T cells (CD8) recognize antigens?
How do cytotoxic T cells (CD8) recognize antigens?
Where are endogenous antigens degraded into peptide fragments?
Where are endogenous antigens degraded into peptide fragments?
What determines whether an antigen is processed with class I or class II MHC molecules?
What determines whether an antigen is processed with class I or class II MHC molecules?
What method do exogenous antigens use to enter host cells?
What method do exogenous antigens use to enter host cells?
Which of the following serves as presenting cells for exogenous antigens?
Which of the following serves as presenting cells for exogenous antigens?
What is the primary purpose of clonal selection in lymphocyte maturation?
What is the primary purpose of clonal selection in lymphocyte maturation?
Which type of cells are generated through antigen-dependent proliferation in B lymphocytes?
Which type of cells are generated through antigen-dependent proliferation in B lymphocytes?
Where do B cells mature into antigenetically committed cells?
Where do B cells mature into antigenetically committed cells?
What initial event occurs when a naive immunocompetent lymphocyte encounters an antigen?
What initial event occurs when a naive immunocompetent lymphocyte encounters an antigen?
What role does the gene rearrangement play in the development of B cells?
What role does the gene rearrangement play in the development of B cells?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for producing antibodies?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for producing antibodies?
What is likely to happen to naive lymphocytes after their initial antigen encounter?
What is likely to happen to naive lymphocytes after their initial antigen encounter?
In what stage do B cells become capable of recognizing specific antigens?
In what stage do B cells become capable of recognizing specific antigens?
What distinguishes memory cells from naive lymphocytes?
What distinguishes memory cells from naive lymphocytes?
What is the fate of B cells that don't successfully undergo clonal selection?
What is the fate of B cells that don't successfully undergo clonal selection?
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Study Notes
Immunologic Memory
- Immunologic memory allows the immune system to respond more quickly and efficiently to pathogens it has encountered before.
Memory B Cells vs Naive B Cells
- Memory B cells are long-lived and can rapidly differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells upon re-exposure to their specific antigen.
- Naive B cells are immature and have not yet encountered their specific antigen.
Plasma Cells and Antibody Production
- Plasma cells are the antibody-producing cells of the immune system.
- Antibodies produced by plasma cells are secreted and circulate in the bloodstream, while membrane-bound antibodies are expressed on the surface of B cells.
Self vs Nonself Recognition
- The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is responsible for distinguishing self from nonself.
Adaptive Immune System Recognition
- Adaptive immunity recognizes billions of unique structures on foreign antigens through clonal selection and the generation of diverse antigen-binding receptors.
B Lymphocyte Function
- The primary function of B lymphocytes is to produce antibodies upon antigen encounter.
Antibody Structure
- The heavy and light chains of an antibody are connected by disulfide bonds.
B Lymphocyte Maturation
- B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow before they express unique antigen-binding receptors.
Antigen-Binding Cleft
- The antigen-binding cleft formed by heavy and light chains in an antibody is responsible for recognizing and binding to specific epitopes on antigens.
Antigen Distinction
- The variable regions of antibodies allow the immune system to distinguish between subtle differences among antigens.
B Lymphocyte Antibody Production
- Activated B lymphocytes produce immunoglobulin (Ig) antibodies.
Adaptive Immunity Memory
- Immunological memory is a hallmark of adaptive immunity, allowing for a more rapid and robust response to previously encountered pathogens.
Nobel Prize Winners
- Emil von Behring was awarded the Nobel Prize for research on serum antitoxins.
- Karl Landsteiner won the Nobel Prize for the discovery of human blood groups in 1930.
Immunological Tolerance
- Peter Medawar and Frank Macfarlane Burnet are known for their work on acquired immunological tolerance.
Anaphylaxis
- Charles Richet conducted research that led to understanding anaphylaxis.
Antihistamines
- Daniel Bovet received the Nobel Prize in 1957 for his work on antihistamines.
Yellow Fever Vaccine
- Max Theiler was awarded the Nobel Prize for developing the yellow fever vaccine.
Immunology Contributions
- F. Macfarlane Burnet and Peter Medawar made significant contributions to immunology through their work on acquired immunological tolerance.
Antibody Structure Nobel Prize
- Rodney Porter and Gerald Edelman shared the Nobel Prize in 1972 for their work related to the chemical structure of antibodies.
CD4 T Cell Recognition
- CD4 T cells recognize MHC class II molecules presenting antigen fragments.
Endogenous Antigens
- Endogenous antigens are synthesized within virus-infected host cells.
Protein Processing
- The process of converting proteins into MHC-associated peptide fragments is called antigen processing.
Cytotoxic T Cell Recognition
- Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) recognize MHC class I molecules presenting antigen fragments.
Endogenous Antigen Degradation
- Endogenous antigens are degraded into peptide fragments in the proteasome.
MHC Class Determination
- The location of antigen synthesis determines whether an antigen is processed with class I or class II MHC molecules.
Exogenous Antigen Entry
- Exogenous antigens enter host cells through endocytosis.
Antigen-Presenting Cells
- Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells serve as presenting cells for exogenous antigens.
Clonal Selection
- Clonal selection in lymphocyte maturation ensures that only lymphocytes specific to the encountered antigen are activated and proliferate.
Antigen-Dependent Proliferation
- Antigen-dependent proliferation in B lymphocytes generates plasma cells and memory B cells.
B Cell Maturation
- B cells mature into antigenetically committed cells in the bone marrow.
Lymphocyte-Antigen Interaction
- The initial event when a naive immunocompetent lymphocyte encounters an antigen is antigen recognition.
Gene Rearrangement
- Gene rearrangement in the development of B cells leads to the generation of diverse antigen-binding receptors.
Antibody Production Cells
- Plasma cells are primarily responsible for producing antibodies.
Naive Lymphocyte Fate
- Naive lymphocytes that have not encountered their specific antigen may remain in the body as part of the immune system's repertoire.
B Cell Stage for Antigen Recognition
- B cells become capable of recognizing specific antigens during their maturation in the bone marrow.
Memory Cells vs Naive Cells
- Memory cells are long-lived and have a higher affinity for their specific antigen compared to naive lymphocytes.
B Cell Fate
- B cells that don't successfully undergo clonal selection undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
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