Immunology Quiz on Cytokines and Receptors

<p>Providing chemoattractant functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Class 1 (hematopoietin) cytokine family (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of antimicrobials, antivirals, and cytokines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are equally expressed on the same cell types regardless of the specific pathogen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They play critical roles in the activation of naive T cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have both extracellular and intracellular expressions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recurring patterns found on bacteria, yeast, and parasites. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CLR (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Change in the transcriptional program of the target cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocrine action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synergy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NLR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interleukin-1 family (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detection of viral RNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antagonistic action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autocrine action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ALR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates capillary permeability and attracts leukocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IFN-γ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphotoxin-β (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are recognized by common receptors with a shared subunit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inducing apoptosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TNF-α (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BAFF and APRIL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They upregulate genes controlling viral replication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through G-protein-coupled mechanisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activated lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are proinflammatory molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting protein synthesis and inducing ribonucleases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IL-1 family (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It triggers downstream signaling pathways. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of conserved cysteine residues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing receptor expression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind antigens, sometimes with complement components (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They bind MHC class I and II molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CD28 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhance antigen presentation and cytokine production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It consists of a heterodimer either as ab or gd (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhance signal transduction through ITAMs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They utilize immuno-receptor tyrosine activation motifs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CD4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cytokine that induces lymphocyte differentiation when bound to membrane receptors.

BAFF and APRIL are vital for proper B-cell development and maintenance.

TNF, CD40 Ligand (CD40L) transmits the T-cell differentiation signal to B cells.

Fas Ligand (FasL) triggers programmed cell death (apoptosis).

IL-17 family cytokines are proinflammatory molecules expressed on various cells.

Chemokines are small proteins that act as chemical messengers, guiding leukocytes to specific locations.

Chemokine receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors found on leukocytes. They bind to chemokines to initiate signaling pathways.

A cellular signal is any event that prompts a cell to alter its metabolic or proliferative state through ligand-receptor interactions.

A type of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that recognizes carbohydrate components of pathogens like fungi, mycobacteria, viruses, parasites, and some allergens, triggering phagocytosis, antimicrobial production, and inflammation.

A type of PRR located in the cytosol that identifies viral RNA, leading to the production of interferons and cytokines to combat viral infections.

A type of PRR found in the cytosol that detects bacterial cell wall fragments like peptidoglycans, triggering the production of antimicrobials and cytokines, and initiating inflammation.

A type of PRR located both in the cytosol and nucleus that recognizes viral and bacterial DNAs, resulting in the production of interferons and cytokines.

A signaling molecule that mediates communication between immune cells, triggering various effector functions.

The ability of a cytokine to induce different biological effects depending on the target cell it binds to.

The ability of different cytokines to exert similar effects on a target cell.

The combined effect of two cytokines on a target cell exceeding the sum of their individual effects.

The effect of one cytokine inhibiting the effect of another cytokine on a target cell.

The activation of one cytokine by another cytokine, which then triggers the release of additional cytokines.

A family of cytokines that include IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, and others. They are involved in various functions, like immune cell development and activation.

A family of cytokines that include IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ. They are primarily involved in antiviral responses and immune regulation.

A family of cytokines that include TNF-α, TNF-β, and CD40L. They are involved in processes like apoptosis, inflammation, and immune system development.

A family of cytokines that include IL-17A, IL-17F, and others. They are pro-inflammatory and promote neutrophil recruitment and activation.

A type of white blood cell that plays a key role in immunity. They act as the first line of defense against pathogens by engulfing and destroying them. They also release signaling molecules called cytokines to activate other immune cells.

A type of white blood cell known for their rapid response to infections. They are short-lived but highly effective at attacking pathogens.

Specialized immune cells that present antigens to T cells, initiating the adaptive immune response. They are found in the tissues and lymph nodes and have a unique ability to activate T cells.

A type of receptor found on the surface of B cells that recognizes specific antigens. It's similar in structure to antibodies and plays a crucial role in B cell activation.

A type of receptor found on the surface of T cells that recognizes antigen fragments presented by MHC molecules. It's composed of two chains, alpha and beta, with variations that determine the specificity of the T cell.

A specialized molecule found on immune cells that helps to amplify signal transduction pathways. They contain ITAMs (Immuno-receptor Tyrosine Activation Motifs) that become phosphorylated following receptor activation, triggering downstream signaling events.

A type of protein found on T cells that provides a crucial co-stimulatory signal for T cell activation. It interacts with CD4 and CD8 but isn't enough for activation on its own. It's required for naïve T cell activation.

Receptors that recognize and bind to Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), which are recurring motifs on bacteria, yeast, and parasites.

Molecular patterns that are commonly found on pathogens and recognized by PRRs. Examples include bacterial cell wall components (LPS), viral RNA, and fungal mannans.

A type of PRR found on the cell surface and in endosomes that recognizes a wide range of PAMPs. They activate signaling pathways leading to the production of antimicrobial molecules and inflammatory cytokines.

A diverse family of immune receptors expressed on different cell types that trigger signaling pathways leading to the production of cytokines, chemokines, and other immune effector molecules.

Cells that lack specific antigen receptors and are involved in the innate immune response, acting as the first line of defense against infection.

A family of cytokines that promote inflammation, primarily secreted by macrophages and dendritic cells in response to various pathogens. They act locally to increase capillary permeability and attract leukocytes to infected tissues, and systemically to trigger the production of acute-phase proteins by the liver.

A type of chemokine that repels immune cells, pushing them away from certain areas. They act as a counterbalance to chemoattractants, preventing excessive immune responses in unnecessary areas.

A class of cytokines known for their diversity in action and cell targets. They are structurally defined by being a single protein or multiple subunits, and are recognized by receptors bearing a common subunit.

A type of interferon known for its antiviral effects. It is secreted by activated macrophages and dendritic cells, inducing the production of ribonucleases and inhibiting protein synthesis to combat viral infections.

A type of interferon produced by activated T and NK cells. It plays a significant role in modulating adaptive immunity, impacting the activity of other immune cells.

A family of cytokines that include TNF-α and TNF-β (lymphotoxin-α). They regulate the development, function, and homeostasis of cells in various tissues, especially in the immune, skeletal, and neuronal systems.

A type of TNF cytokine that acts as a proinflammatory molecule. It is mainly produced by activated macrophages and other cell types, promoting inflammation and immune responses.