Immunology Quiz

Immunity

• Species resistance is a type of immunity that results from being human, as opposed to being a cow or plant.
• Naturally acquired active immunity results from having an infectious disease.
• Artificially acquired active immunity results from a vaccine.
• Artificially acquired passive immunity results from a vaccine or antibody injection.
• Naturally acquired passive immunity results from receiving antibodies from mother to child.

Allergies

• Allergies can be treated effectively by antihistamines.
• Anaphylaxis is an excessive immune response that involves IgE antibodies and causes a rapid drop in blood pressure, which is a life-threatening event.
• Epinephrine is used to rescue a person experiencing anaphylaxis.

Cancer

• Staging is used to identify how far cancer cells have spread.
• In stage II breast cancer, the cancer cells have not spread beyond the breast.

Carcinogens

• A carcinogen is any factor that causes the formation of cancer.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

• Numbness of fingers and toes, tender lymph nodes in the neck, "butterfly" rash, and renal failure are signs or symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

• Tender lymph nodes and joint pain are signs or symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome.

Lymphatic System

• The contraction of the muscles in vessel walls and the squeezing action of the skeletal muscles cause lymph to flow through the lymphatic vessels.
• If lymph cannot be pushed through the vessels, edema develops.
• The spleen removes aged RBCs from circulation.
• The spleen is located in the thorax, above the heart.

Immune Response

• Hapten is a substance that joins to proteins in the blood to trigger an immune response.
• Interferon acts as a chemical barrier and blocks viruses from infecting cells.
• Cytokines known as interleukins assist in regulation of the immune response by increasing B cell production and stimulating red bone marrow to produce more white blood cells.
• Monokines and lymphokines are proteins that assist in immune response regulation.

Other Immune-Related Concepts

• A pathogen is a disease-causing agent such as a bacterium, virus, toxin, fungus, or protozoan.
• An antigen is a foreign substance in the body that triggers an immune response.
• Allergen is a substance that triggers an allergic response.
• Inflammation can result from an injury or infection, causing blood vessels in the injured area to dilate and become leaky.

Other Health-Related Concepts

• Celiac disease is an immune reaction linked to eating gluten that triggers a reaction causing the body to attack the small intestinal mucosa.
• MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) includes pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual tonsils.
• The palatine's main function is to separate the oral and nasal cavities.
• The main function of the epiglottis is to cover the opening of the larynx.
• The esophageal hiatus is the hole in the diaphragm that the esophagus goes through.
• The gallbladder's only function is to release bile in response to the hormone cholecystokinin.

Digestive System

• The muscular layer of the alimentary canal wall contracts to move materials through the canal.
• The mucosa, the innermost layer of the alimentary canal wall, absorbs nutrients.
• The submucosa layer of the alimentary canal wall has blood vessels that carry nutrients away.
• The serosa layer of the alimentary canal wall secretes serous fluid to keep other organs from sticking to the structures of the alimentary canal.
• The mouth is the organ of the digestive system that begins the chemical breakdown of foods.