Biology Chapter 3: Innate Immunity
52 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following cells is a type of phagocyte?

  • B lymphocytes
  • T lymphocytes
  • Neutrophils (correct)
  • NK cells

    • What is the main function of dendritic cells in the immune response?

  • To produce antibodies
  • To directly kill infected cells
  • To link innate and adaptive immune responses (correct)
  • To become memory cells

    • Which cells are described as large granular lymphocytes?

  • Monocytes
  • NK cells (correct)
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages

    • Which of the following statements about macrophages is true?

    <p>Macrophages respond nearly as rapidly as neutrophils and survive longer at the inflammation site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types are correctly matched with their roles in the immune response?

    <p>NK cells - Directly kill infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is part of the innate immune system and is always active?

    <p>Respiratory tract lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the innate immune system recognition?

    <p>Recognizes structures that are essential for survival of microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a cell-associated pattern recognition receptor (PRR) in the innate immune system?

    <p>Toll-like receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of molecule can recognize microbial pathogens in the innate immune system?

    <p>Pentraxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions is NOT associated with innate immunity?

    <p>Memory of past infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier in the innate immune system?

    <p>Intact epithelial surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) recognized by?

    <p>Pattern recognition receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mannose binding lectin (MBL) in the innate immune system?

    <p>Complement activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about intraepithelial lymphocytes?

    <p>They are found in both the epidermis of the skin and mucosa epithelia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cilia play in the respiratory tracts?

    <p>They move continuously to push out large particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about lysozymes?

    <p>They dissolve bacterial cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of defensins in the immune system?

    <p>To produce pores in the membrane of bacteria and kill them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following body sites typically has an acidic pH due to the action of lactobacillus?

    <p>Vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do normal bacterial flora act as a biological barrier?

    <p>By producing inhibitory substances that suppress pathogenic growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms after lysosomal granules fuse with the phagosome?

    <p>Phagolysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of the oxygen-dependent system in phagocytosis?

    <p>Production of reactive oxygen species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is produced in the oxygen-independent system?

    <p>Elastase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape is formed by the plasma membrane during phagocytosis?

    <p>Cup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT converted into reactive oxygen species in the oxygen-dependent system?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organisms are adapted to grow in phagocytes?

    <p>Tubercle bacilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of phagocytes in response to invading microorganisms?

    <p>Capturing, ingesting, and digesting microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the chemotaxis and migration phase, which cells are actively recruited to the site of infection?

    <p>Neutrophils and monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) on phagocytes?

    <p>To specifically recognize and attach to structures on microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enhances the process of attachment and ingestion of microbes by phagocytes?

    <p>Opsonization by specific antibodies or complement C3b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed after a phagocyte engulfs a microbe during the ingestion process?

    <p>Phagosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism involves highly reactive molecular oxygen species to destroy microbes?

    <p>Oxygen-dependent mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do neutrophils play in the oxygen-independent mechanism?

    <p>Using proteolytic enzymes to destroy bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of coating microbes to target them for phagocytosis?

    <p>Opsonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serum proteins are involved in the alternative pathway of complement activation?

    <p>Factor B &amp; Factor D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is responsible for macrophage activation?

    <p>INF-γ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of interferons released from virus-infected cells?

    <p>Inhibit viral spread to neighbouring cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and chemokines are primarily classified as which type of cytokines?

    <p>Pro-inflammatory cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor determines why N. gonorrhea only infects humans?

    <p>Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines are involved in the control of inflammation?

    <p>IL-10 and TGF-β</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of adaptive immunity allows it to differentiate between own body cells and foreign substances?

    <p>Self and non-self recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is developed when the body is exposed to a foreign antigen and produces its own antibodies?

    <p>Active Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of immunity is typically transferred through breast milk?

    <p>Passive Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of adaptive immunity is responsible for a stronger immune response upon re-exposure to the same antigen?

    <p>Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is provided by the transfer of readymade antibodies?

    <p>Passive Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of complement proteins in the immune response?

    <p>They directly attack microbes or enhance their uptake by opsonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do macrophages recognize antigens during phagocytosis?

    <p>By binding to IgG and C3b on the antigen's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a role of acute-phase proteins?

    <p>They increase in response to inflammatory cytokines and aid in opsonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence the spread of an infection?

    <p>Availability of vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason why some individuals are more susceptible to leprosy?

    <p>Variations in genetic susceptibility among races</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strain of bacteria is known for causing a highly contagious disease, as indicated in the content?

    <p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of C3b in phagocytosis?

    <p>It facilitates the binding of macrophages to the antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is associated with the inflammatory response and activation of complement during an infection?

    <p>C-reactive protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Innate Immunity

    • Innate immunity is the resistance an individual has by birth, providing immediate defense against infections
    • Components of innate immunity include physical barriers, chemical barriers, and biological barriers

    Function of Innate Immunity

    • Prevents, controls, or eliminates infection of the host
    • Stimulates adaptive immune response

    Features of Innate Immune Recognition

    • Recognizes structures characteristic of microbial pathogens (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns, PAMPs)
    • Recognizes microbial products essential for survival
    • Recognizes abnormal host cells

    Recognition Molecules of Innate Immunity

    • Cell-associated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs): Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
    • Soluble recognition molecules: Pentraxins (C-reactive protein, CRP) and Collectins (mannose-binding lectin, MBL)

    Components of the Innate Immune System

    First Line of Natural Defense

    • Physical barriers:
      • Intact epithelial surfaces
      • Lymphocytes (intraepithelial lymphocytes)
      • Eye (tears and blinking reflex)
      • Respiratory tracts (hair, mucous, and cilia)
    • Chemical barriers:
      • Acidic pH (skin, stomach, and vagina)
      • Microbicidal action of secreted molecules (lysozymes and defensins)
      • Digestive enzymes (saliva and small intestine)
    • Biological barriers:
      • Normal bacterial flora (supresses growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi)

    Second Line of Natural Defense

    • Circulating effector cells:
      • Phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages)
      • Natural killer (NK) cells
      • Dendritic cells
    • Phagocytosis of microbes:
      • Chemotaxis and migration
      • Recognition and attachment
      • Ingestion
      • Digestion or destruction

    Ingestion

    • Phagocytes recognize and attach to microbes through receptors
    • Phagosome formation
    • Lysosomal granule fusion

    Digestion or Destruction of Ingested Microbes

    • Oxygen-dependent system (reactive oxygen species)
    • Oxygen-independent system (proteolytic enzymes)

    Circulating Effector Proteins

    • Complement system
    • Acute-phase proteins (mannose-binding lectin, MBL, and C-reactive protein)

    Inflammatory Response and Spread of Infection

    • Factors that determine the spread of infection: species, race, microbe, and individual
    • Inflammatory response: a complex sequence of events that limits the spread of infection

    Interferon (INF)

    • Released from virus-infected cells to inhibit viral spread to neighboring cells

    Cytokines

    • Part of innate immunity, involved in pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and immune responses

    Factors that Determine Innate Immunity

    • Species
    • Races
    • Individuals (health status, age, etc.)

    Characters of Adaptive Immunity

    • "Self" and "non-self" recognition
    • Specificity
    • Diversity
    • Need prior exposure
    • Memory (long-term immunity)

    Types of Adaptive Immunity

    • Passive immunity (readymade antibodies, temporary protection)
    • Active immunity (body produces its own antibodies, long-lasting protection)

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Learn about innate immunity, a natural resistance to infection that an individual possesses from birth, including its components and functions. Discover how it protects the body from microbes and pathogens.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser