Unit 1

Used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

A Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI) used in HIV treatment.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used in rheumatoid arthritis treatment.

Acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir are the first-line treatments.

A daily pill containing tenofovir and emtricitabine to prevent HIV infection.

A combination of drugs to suppress HIV replication and reduce transmission risk.

A chronic inflammatory arthritis caused by high uric acid levels.

NRTIs, NNRTIs, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, integrase strand transfer inhibitors, and CCR5 antagonists are all part of ART therapies.

Severe pain, redness, swelling, and warmth in affected joints.

Male gender, increasing age, high BMI, alcohol consumption, high red meat intake, and high fructose intake contribute to gout incidence.

Elevated uric acid levels in the blood are key to diagnosing gout.

Colchicine is used to manage acute gout flares.

Allopurinol is used daily to manage the long-term issues of chronic gout.

Lupus is a widespread autoimmune disease causing inflammation and tissue damage, impacting joints, skin, and other organs.

Increased antinuclear antibodies (ANA), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and BUN/Creatinine levels indicate potential lupus.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes bilateral, symmetrical inflammation of joints, often leading to pain and swelling.

A burn that affects the epidermis, the outermost layer of skin. It can be painful, cause tingling, redness, dryness, and possibly blistering and peeling.

A burn that affects the epidermis and parts of the dermis, the layer beneath the epidermis. It causes pain, blistering, mottled red skin, and swelling.

The most severe burn that affects all layers of skin, including the epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and potentially deeper tissues like muscle and bone. It causes painless, white, leathery, and charred skin, and swelling. The skin cannot regenerate.

Damage to the respiratory system due to smoke or hot gases inhaled during a fire. Symptoms include singed facial or nasal hair, stridor (noisy breathing), coughing, and wheezing.

Lactated Ringer's (LR) is the preferred fluid for rehydration in burn victims. It helps replenish fluids lost through damaged skin and maintains electrolyte balance.

Gastrointestinal bleeding, which can lead to red vomit or black, tarry stools.

H2 antagonists, such as ranitidine, are used to decrease stomach acid production and reduce the risk of bleeding ulcers.

Corticosteroids can cause high blood pressure, elevated blood sugar, GI bleeding, and suppression of the immune system.

Methotrexate is a DMARD used for rheumatoid arthritis. It should not be taken during pregnancy and alcohol consumption is strictly prohibited.

Trim their nails to prevent skin damage and further infection.

Antihistamines, SSRIs, lidocaine/prilocaine, topical steroids, and non-prescription options like oatmeal baths, calamine lotion, and moisturizers.

Use tepid or warm water for bathing as hot water can dry out the skin further.

Folliculitis is a hair follicle infection often found in the beard area of men, the legs and pubic area of women, and areas like the armpits, trunk, and buttocks.

Antibiotics like clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline, or minocycline are used to treat Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections.

When pus is localized, incision and drainage (I&D) is performed to release the pus and promote healing.

A type of skin cancer where abnormal cells invade both the epidermis and dermis, often presenting with irregular borders and discoloration.

Fair skin, freckles, blue eyes, light hair, and people who burn easily or don't tan are at increased risk for melanoma. Excessive sun exposure is a major contributor.

Malignant melanoma typically appears dark, red, blue, or a mix of colors, with an irregular shape.

A biopsy confirms a melanoma diagnosis. Excisional biopsy provides information about the type, invasion level, and thickness of the lesion.

Small, superficial lesions are treated with surgical excision. Deeper lesions may require wider excision, skin grafts, or flaps.

Intravenous checkpoint inhibitors like pembrolizumab, nivolumab, or ipilimumab are used to treat stage 3 and 4 melanoma. They enhance the action of T cells by inhibiting an 'off' switch, making them better at attacking cancer cells.

The initial stage of HIV infection, characterized by flu-like symptoms and high contagiousness. It lasts about 2-4 weeks after exposure.

An asymptomatic stage of HIV where the virus is still present but inactive, and the CD4+ T-cell count is above 500 cells/mm3. This stage can last for years.

A stage of HIV characterized by a weakened immune system, with a CD4+ T-cell count between 200-499 cells/mm3 and increasing symptoms.

The most advanced stage of HIV infection, where the immune system is severely compromised, CD4+ T-cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3, opportunistic infections are frequent, and AIDS-defining illnesses emerge.

Key labs used to monitor HIV infection include CD4+ T-cell count and Viral Load Tests.

A method used to estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by burns, essential for burn care and prognosis.

The least severe type of burn, affecting only the outer layer of skin, characterized by redness, pain, and swelling.

Infections that occur more frequently and severely in people with weakened immune systems, like those with AIDS.

A medication that is both a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) and an antimalarial, used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. It can be taken with NSAIDs.

A nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) used to treat HIV infection. It's often combined with protease inhibitors like ritonavir.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a daily pill containing tenofovir and emtricitabine, taken to prevent HIV infection in people 12 and older. It's important to use condoms with PrEP.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a combination of medications used to suppress HIV replication, slow disease progression, and reduce transmission risk. It's recommended for everyone who tests positive for HIV before their CD4+ cell count drops below 350.

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) like zidovudine block phase 3 of HIV replication by stopping the virus from producing DNA.

Protease inhibitors, which often end in “-navir”, like fosamprenavir, block phase 5 of HIV replication by preventing the virus from assembling new viruses.

Gout is a chronic inflammatory arthritis caused by high levels of uric acid in the body. It can cause severe pain, redness, swelling, and warmth in joints, especially the big toe.

NSAIDS, steroids, immunosuppressants, and antimalarials (hydroxychloroquine) are used to manage the symptoms and inflammation.

An autoimmune disease causing bilateral, symmetrical inflammation of joints, often leading to pain and swelling.

Treatments include NSAIDs, DMARDs, corticosteroids, and biologics to reduce inflammation and pain.

NSAIDs, like ibuprofen and naproxen, are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used to reduce pain and inflammation in conditions like arthritis.

A common side effect of NSAIDs is GI bleeding, which can lead to red vomit or black, tarry stools.

H2 antagonists, like ranitidine, are used to reduce stomach acid production, thus preventing ulcers and reducing the risk of bleeding.

Corticosteroids are powerful anti-inflammatory drugs often used to treat flare-ups of inflammatory conditions.

Methotrexate, a DMARD used for rheumatoid arthritis, should not be taken during pregnancy, and alcohol consumption is strictly prohibited.

Trim the patient's nails to prevent scratching and the risk of skin damage and infection.

Melanoma often appears dark, red, blue, or a mix of colors, with an irregular shape.

These drugs boost immune cells by blocking 'off' switches, making them better at attacking cancer cells.

The main concern with a large burn affecting the face is ensuring a patent airway and adequate breathing, as swelling can quickly obstruct the airway.

Lactated Ringer's (LR) is the preferred fluid for rehydrating burn victims, as it helps restore fluid volume and electrolytes lost through damaged skin.

Silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) is a topical antibiotic for burns applied with a glove 1-3 times daily. It cannot be used on patients with a sulfa allergy.

Mafenide acetate (Sulfamylon) is a topical antibiotic for burns that can diffuse through eschar and avascular tissue, killing bacteria beneath the burn.

Silver nitrate is a topical antibiotic for burns applied to gauze and placed on the wound. Keep the dressing wet but covered. Monitor sodium and potassium levels, and keep it covered to prevent staining.

The CD4+ T-cell count is the most important lab to monitor HIV infection, as it reflects the strength of the immune system. A lower count indicates a weakened immune system and a higher risk of developing AIDS.