Immunology Phase 1 and 2 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the immune system?

To release inflammatory cytokines exclusively

To phagocytose pathogens and present antigens to T cells (correct)

To activate B cells without involving T cells

To produce antibodies directly

Which of the following is a primary function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

To enhance the production of lymphocytes in the bone marrow

To digest antigens and present peptides on MHC class II molecules (correct)

To produce antibodies against pathogens

To directly kill infected cells

Which of the following best describes lymphocyte recirculation?

Lymphocytes migrate continuously between blood and tissues, including lymph nodes (correct)

Lymphocytes only travel to the site of infection to combat pathogens

Lymphocytes remain in the lymph nodes during an infection

Lymphocytes are only active in the tissues where they are produced

Where do T-cells mature after originating from lymphoid progenitors in the bone marrow?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes CD4 T-cells from CD8 T-cells in the immune response?

CD4 T-cells primarily assist other immune cells, while CD8 T-cells are involved in direct killing. Signup and view all the answers

What role do lymph nodes play during an infection?

They provide a site for APCs, pathogens, and lymphocytes to interact. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes NK-T cells from traditional NK cells?

NK-T cells exhibit adaptive immune function alongside innate roles Signup and view all the answers

In the primary immune response, which type of antibodies is primarily produced?

IgM Signup and view all the answers

What roles do CD4 and CD8 T-cells serve in the immune system?

CD4 T-cells assist in signaling and activating other immune cells, while CD8 T-cells primarily kill infected cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lymphatics in the immune system?

Drain extracellular fluid and facilitate sampling via lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of B-cells activated by antigens?

To produce antibodies specific for the antigen Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes CD4 helper T-cells from CD8 cytotoxic T-cells?

The type of antigens they recognize Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Natural Killer (NK) cells is true?

NK cells are important in innate immune responses Signup and view all the answers

How can T-cells and B-cells be distinguished from one another?

Using antibodies that recognize CD markers Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical feature of plasma cells in relation to their location?

They reside in the lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for mediating the response to parasitic infections?

Polymorphonuclear cells Signup and view all the answers

What happens to vascular endothelia upon the release of histamine by certain immune cells?

They become more permeable Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated if plasma cells are found in the blood?

Pathology such as myeloma Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of lymphocyte recirculation in the immune system?

To allow for the trapping of antigens and development of immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the challenges the immune system faces?

Ability to resolve inflammation and avoid attacking its own tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates an innate immunity response?

Phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What role does the immune system play in cancer defense?

It suppresses tumor growth through specific immune responses Signup and view all the answers

How does the immune system differentiate between self and non-self?

By using proteins on cells to identify belonging or foreign status Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes antigen-presenting cells from other immune cells?

They can digest pathogens and present peptides. Signup and view all the answers

Where do lymphoid progenitors destined to become T-cells migrate to for maturation?

The thymus Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T-cell is primarily recognized as a CD4 positive T-cell?

Helper T-cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the lymphatics in the immune system?

Drain extracellular fluid and collect immune cells Signup and view all the answers

NK-T cells are considered part of which type of immune response?

Both innate and adaptive immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which component is primarily involved in the activation and interaction of T and B lymphocytes?

Major Histocompatibility Complex Signup and view all the answers

Which phase includes the study of vaccine development?

Phase 2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the immune system components discussed in the immunology program?

Development of B lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is primarily addressed in the early stages of the immunology course?

Innate Immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which session format allows students to present a case to their small group?

Tutorial Signup and view all the answers

What is one key element discussed in relation to hypersensitivity reactions?

Autoimmune mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

What role does the complement system primarily serve in the immune response?

Enhancing phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory technique is included in the small-group tutorials related to immune cell markers?

Flow Cytometry Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily transported to the draining lymph node during lymphocyte recirculation?

Pathogens and debris Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the secondary immune response compared to the primary immune response?

Higher levels of IgG/IgA antibodies Signup and view all the answers

How do lymph nodes contribute to the immune response during infections?

They act as junctions for collecting lymph and activating immune responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) in lymphocyte recirculation?

They phagocytose pathogens and present antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the role of the efferent lymphatic vessel?

It transports lymph away from the lymph node Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the nucleus in polymorphonuclear cells?

Oddly shaped with one or more lobes Signup and view all the answers

What important role do B-cells play after being activated by an antigen?

They differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for targeting virally infected cells and certain cancer cells?

Natural killer (NK) cells Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes T-cells from B-cells when identifying their subsets?

Specific cluster of differentiation markers Signup and view all the answers

Where are plasma cells primarily located in the body?

In the lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

What do CD4 helper T-cells primarily facilitate in the immune response?

The differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

What happens to vascular endothelia when histamine is released by certain immune cells?

It becomes more permeable, allowing immune cells to pass through. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding Natural Killer (NK) cells?

They are vital in innate immune responses and do not have antigen-specific receptors. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes innate immunity?

It includes body defenses we are born with. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is primarily involved in the phagocytic response of innate immunity?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What triggers acquired immunity?

Initial contact with a pathogen leading to immunization. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines acquired immunity?

Specialized immune responses developed after exposure to pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of granulocytes in the immune system?

They are involved in allergy responses and parasites. Signup and view all the answers

How are macrophages and dendritic cells related and where do they reside?

Both are derived from monocytes and play a role in innate immunity. Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded about the development of blood and blood-derived cells in the immune system?

It is called hematopoiesis and supports both innate and acquired immunity. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement most accurately describes the nature of acquired immunity?

It relies on the activation of lymphocytes and antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immunology Content (Phase 1)

Components of the immune system are covered.
Immunogens, antigens, and antibodies are discussed.
The development of B lymphocytes is detailed.
The role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) in antigen presentation is explained.
T lymphocytes and T-cell receptors are examined.
Control mechanisms of the immune response are explored.
The activation, function, and interaction of T and B lymphocytes are detailed.
Innate immunity is described, including immune cell markers, flow cytometry, and blood typing.
Cytokines.
Tetanus tutorials are part of small-group activities.
The complement system is included.
Overview of hypersensitivity reactions is covered.
Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases are detailed.
Case study of hypersensitivity reactions are used in small group tutorials.

Immunology Content (Phases 2/3)

Phase 2 covers immunity to infections and inflammation.
The immunology of HIV infection is detailed.
Vaccine development is discussed.
Phase 3 covers tumor immunology.
Small-group tutorials are part of study activities.
A pre-test is used to save class time, and students present a case to their group.
A post-test is used; students better understand answers and perform better on the exam by doing it together.

The Big Picture (Immune Response)

This diagram shows the primary response of the immune system.
It illustrates the interactions of various cells like NK cells, APCs, B cells, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells.
The roles and types of memory cells are presented.

Objectives

Distinguish innate from acquired immunity.
Identify and describe the cellular components of the immune system.
Describe lymphoid organs, structures, and associated cells & functions
Explain the importance of lymphocyte recirculation for antigen trapping and immunity development.

Importance of the Immune System

The immune system defends against infections, including pandemics.
It provides protection through vaccinations and immunizations.
It also protects against tumors, barriers to transplantation, and assists in immunotherapies against infection and cancer.

Challenges to the Immune System

Specificity is a crucial aspect of the system.
System diversity supports functionality.
An effective memory component is essential.
The system needs proper specialization.
Resolution of infections.
Non-reactivity to self helps avoid autoimmune diseases.
Mobility supports the wide range of the system.

Immune Defense

Human beings face constant pathogen attacks from conception
Immune systems defend against enemies from the air, water, surfaces, and from inside the body.
Examples of the different types of enemies include viruses, bacteria, fungi, pollens, danders, parasites, and foods.
Autoimmune disease and cancer are examples of internal enemies.

How does the immune system recognize potential invaders?

Recognizing 'self' versus 'non-self' is a fundamental function of the immune system.
The immune system is trained not to react against our own bodies.
It achieves this by having innate and acquired immune responses.
In this respect, innate immune responses are nonspecific, while acquired responses are specific.

Two Types of Immunity

Innate immunity comprises basic, inherent elements, always available for immediate action.
It includes body surfaces (e.g., skin, mucous membranes), the cough reflex, temperature regulation (fever) and phagocytic cells (e.g., macrophages). Components include natural killer (NK) cells.
Acquired immunity involves specialized elements developed after birth.
Acquired immunity is present only in vertebrates and only acts if the body has prior contact with a pathogen/agent. The initial contact produces immunity against further exposure.

How does our body generate such an effective, elaborate system?

This question asks how our complex immune system is formed.

Hematopoiesis: Development of Blood and Blood-Derived Cells

Hematopoiesis is the development of blood and blood-derived cells from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
The process involves the development of various blood cell types such as granulocytes, megakaryocytes, erythrocytes, and mast cells.
Different types of blood cells arise from common lymphoid and myeloid progenitors.
These cells develop and mature in the bone marrow before being released into the bloodstream then to tissues throughout the body.

The Myeloid Lineage

Cells of the myeloid lineage mainly play innate immunity roles but some play parts in adaptive immunity.
These cells can be found in both blood and tissues.
Different types of cells are at different levels of maturity (immature, mature, activated).
Granulocytes are a part of this lineage.
Macrophages and dendritic cells also fall under this lineage, these play roles in antigen presentation and phagocytosis.

The Lymphoid Lineage

B cells mature in bone marrow and produce antibodies specifically targeting antigens. Once activated, B-cells multiply, differentiating into plasma cells to produce antibodies.
T cells mature in the thymus, and possess antigen-specific receptors (TCRs). They have important roles relating to immunity.
Main types of T cells include helper T-cells and cytotoxic T cells.
Natural Killer cells (NK) mature in the bone marrow, do not have antigen specific receptors, and form a critical part of the innate immune response.
Small lymphocytes include various types of immune cells (e.g., B and T).
Plasma cells are formed by the activation of B cells and are important for antibody production.

Antigen-Presenting Cells

Antigen-presenting cells can ingest and digest pathogens.
Intracellular components are broken into peptides, which are displayed on MHC molecules.
CD4+ T-cells can then identify presented peptides.

Macrophages are Distributed Throughout the Reticuloendothelial System

Macrophages are distributed throughout the body, originating from blood monocytes.
They are found in various tissues, organs, parts of the brain and tissues throughout the body.

Lymphocytes are Distributed in Specialized Lymphoid Tissues

Lymphoid cells mature in bone marrow except for T cells which mature in the thymus.
These cells circulate and are present in lymphoid tissue throughout the body. Lymph nodes help support the lymphatic system, draining fluids from tissues.

Q: How do immune cells find pathogens in order to respond to them? A: Lymphocyte Recirculation

Lymphocytes circulate continuously throughout the body.
Lymphatic vessels, nodes, and the circulatory system are all parts of this return pathway.
Pathogens, along with debris are found in lymph as well as macrophages and dendritic cells.
The pathogens are brought to the nearest lymph node (draining lymph node) and there a response is facilitated.

The Lymph Node

Lymph nodes are small organs in the lymphatic system.
Afferent lymphatic vessels of the lymphatic system lead to larger efferent vessels that bring lymph from tissues into lymph nodes.
During an infection, pathogens, debris and Antigen-Presenting cells (APCs) arrive in lymph.

The Immune Response

Primary response: dominated by IgM antibodies, less effective.
Secondary response: better and faster response, higher levels of IgG/IgA antibodies with stronger binding.
T cells are also important for antibody response.

How Vaccines Work

Vaccines introduce antigens to stimulate an immune response, leading to immunity.
Exogenous antigens (e.g., viral proteins in a vaccine) trigger the processing and presentation of peptides to CD4+ T cells.
Endogenous antigen processing and presentation is also triggered.
Immune cells eventually recognize pathogens and mount an appropriate response (primary or secondary immune response).

Please review material on D2L for the Tetanus Immunity Tutorial. Read the Tetanus Tutorial Plan and do the Pre-Test!

These instructions provide task for students to prepare for class.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the components of the immune system, including immunogens, antigens, and antibodies. This quiz covers the development of B and T lymphocytes, innate immunity, cytokines, and hypersensitivity reactions. Explore the role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) as well as case studies related to autoimmune diseases.