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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the complement system?
What is the primary function of the complement system?
What type of molecule initiates the classical complement pathway?
What type of molecule initiates the classical complement pathway?
What is the role of opsonization in the complement system?
What is the role of opsonization in the complement system?
Which complement protein is directly involved in the cleavage of C4 in the classical complement pathway?
Which complement protein is directly involved in the cleavage of C4 in the classical complement pathway?
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Which complement protein is cleaved into C2a and C2b during the classical complement pathway?
Which complement protein is cleaved into C2a and C2b during the classical complement pathway?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the complement system?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the complement system?
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Why can bacteria with capsules or surface proteins prevent phagocytosis?
Why can bacteria with capsules or surface proteins prevent phagocytosis?
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What is the primary role of opsonins in the context of the complement system?
What is the primary role of opsonins in the context of the complement system?
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What term describes the ability of an organism to recognize and defend itself against infectious agents?
What term describes the ability of an organism to recognize and defend itself against infectious agents?
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Which term refers to the vulnerability of the host to harm by infectious agents?
Which term refers to the vulnerability of the host to harm by infectious agents?
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What is defined as a toxin or foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body?
What is defined as a toxin or foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body?
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Which of the following components is NOT part of the immune system's response?
Which of the following components is NOT part of the immune system's response?
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What is the primary role of interferon in the immune response?
What is the primary role of interferon in the immune response?
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Which of the following complement components directly contributes to the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC)?
Which of the following complement components directly contributes to the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC)?
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What is the primary function of C3b in the process of opsonization?
What is the primary function of C3b in the process of opsonization?
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Which of the following complement components is responsible for directly inducing the splitting of C5 into C5a and C5b?
Which of the following complement components is responsible for directly inducing the splitting of C5 into C5a and C5b?
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What is the primary mechanism by which C3a, C4a, and C5a contribute to inflammation?
What is the primary mechanism by which C3a, C4a, and C5a contribute to inflammation?
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What is the direct effect of the membrane attack complex (MAC) on microbial cells?
What is the direct effect of the membrane attack complex (MAC) on microbial cells?
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How does the binding of C3b to the surface of a microbe enhance the immune response?
How does the binding of C3b to the surface of a microbe enhance the immune response?
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Which of the following molecular components of the complement system contribute to the formation of the hydrophobic complex that inserts into the bacterial membrane?
Which of the following molecular components of the complement system contribute to the formation of the hydrophobic complex that inserts into the bacterial membrane?
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What is the main function of C5a in the complement system?
What is the main function of C5a in the complement system?
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What is acute inflammation characterized by?
What is acute inflammation characterized by?
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Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign of inflammation?
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What causes the increase in body temperature during inflammation?
What causes the increase in body temperature during inflammation?
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Which term refers to the swelling associated with inflammation?
Which term refers to the swelling associated with inflammation?
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What is a characteristic of chronic inflammation?
What is a characteristic of chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following best describes the role of vasodilation during inflammation?
Which of the following best describes the role of vasodilation during inflammation?
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What does 'Rubor' signify in the context of inflammation?
What does 'Rubor' signify in the context of inflammation?
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Which type of agent can induce fever through endogenous means during inflammation?
Which type of agent can induce fever through endogenous means during inflammation?
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What is the primary function of basophils in the immune response?
What is the primary function of basophils in the immune response?
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Which type of cell is primarily involved in adaptive immunity?
Which type of cell is primarily involved in adaptive immunity?
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What role do mast cells play in allergic reactions?
What role do mast cells play in allergic reactions?
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What role do chemokines play in the immune response?
What role do chemokines play in the immune response?
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Which of the following statements about neutrophils is true?
Which of the following statements about neutrophils is true?
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What is true about monocytes in the immune system?
What is true about monocytes in the immune system?
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What term describes the binding ability of phagocytes to microbial molecules?
What term describes the binding ability of phagocytes to microbial molecules?
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Which type of cells are classified as agranulocytes?
Which type of cells are classified as agranulocytes?
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Which structure is formed when pseudopodia of a phagocyte fuse to enclose a microorganism?
Which structure is formed when pseudopodia of a phagocyte fuse to enclose a microorganism?
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What distinguishes macrophages from other phagocytes?
What distinguishes macrophages from other phagocytes?
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What is the most common mechanism bacteria use to evade phagocytosis?
What is the most common mechanism bacteria use to evade phagocytosis?
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What role does chemotaxis play in the immune response?
What role does chemotaxis play in the immune response?
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Which process refers to the breakdown and elimination of ingested microbes by phagocytes?
Which process refers to the breakdown and elimination of ingested microbes by phagocytes?
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Which of the following substances do lysosomes contain to aid in the digestion of microbes?
Which of the following substances do lysosomes contain to aid in the digestion of microbes?
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During digestion, which metabolic products do macrophages utilize to kill ingested microbes?
During digestion, which metabolic products do macrophages utilize to kill ingested microbes?
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What is the purpose of the complement system in relation to phagocytosis?
What is the purpose of the complement system in relation to phagocytosis?
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Flashcards
Immunity
Immunity
The ability of an organism to recognize and defend against infectious agents.
Susceptibility
Susceptibility
The vulnerability of the host to harm by infectious agents, opposite of immunity.
Antigen
Antigen
A toxin or foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body.
Innate Immunity
Innate Immunity
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Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
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Basophils
Basophils
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Mast cells
Mast cells
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Eosinophils
Eosinophils
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Neutrophils
Neutrophils
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Agranulocytes
Agranulocytes
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Monocytes
Monocytes
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Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
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Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
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Inflammation
Inflammation
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Acute Inflammation
Acute Inflammation
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Chronic Inflammation
Chronic Inflammation
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Calor
Calor
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Rubor
Rubor
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Tumor (inflammation context)
Tumor (inflammation context)
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Dolor
Dolor
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Fever
Fever
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C3 split products
C3 split products
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Opsonization
Opsonization
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C3a's role in inflammation
C3a's role in inflammation
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C4a and C5a effects
C4a and C5a effects
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Histamine release
Histamine release
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Immune cytolysis
Immune cytolysis
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Formation of MAC
Formation of MAC
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C9 in immune response
C9 in immune response
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Peptide fragments
Peptide fragments
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Complement System
Complement System
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Antibodies
Antibodies
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Classical complement pathway
Classical complement pathway
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C1 protein
C1 protein
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C4 cleavage
C4 cleavage
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C2 splitting
C2 splitting
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Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis
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Cytokines
Cytokines
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Chemokines
Chemokines
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Adherence
Adherence
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Antiphagocytic capsule
Antiphagocytic capsule
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Phagosome
Phagosome
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Phagolysosome
Phagolysosome
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Digestive enzymes
Digestive enzymes
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Study Notes
Learning Objectives
- Students should be able to explain or identify terminologies in immunology, innate immunity components and reactions, adaptive immunity components and reactions, phagocytosis, molecular defenses, inflammatory characteristics, and the interferon and complement system.
Terminologies
- Immunity: An organism's ability to recognize and defend against infectious agents.
- Susceptibility: Vulnerability to harm from infectious agents, the opposite of immunity.
- Antigen: A substance that induces an immune response, specifically antibody production in the body.
- Immune system: Composed of cells (like lymphocytes) and organs (like the thymus) that provide specific immunity against infectious agents.
Differences Between Antigen and Antibody
- Antigen: A substance that triggers an immune response. (Displayed Graphically)
- Antibody: Proteins produced by the immune system in response to an antigen. (Displayed Graphically)
Types of Immunity
- Innate immunity (genetic): Genetically determined characteristics that provide immunity. All humans have immunity to many infectious agents that cause disease in animals.
- Adaptive immunity (acquired): Immunity obtained through means other than heredity.
- Naturally acquired: Obtained by contracting a specific disease.
- Artificially acquired: Obtained by receiving a vaccine or immune serum containing an antigen.
Toxoids
- Toxoid: A substance that is normally toxic but has been processed to destroy its toxicity, retaining its capacity to induce antibody production.
- Used in developing immunity against diseases like diphtheria, tetanus, cholera, etc.
How Antivenom is Made
- Snake venom is collected.
- Venom is injected into a horse to stimulate antibody production.
- Antibodies are extracted and purified for use.
Innate and Adaptive Immunity
- Innate defenses: Respond to any type of invading agent.
- Adaptive defenses: Respond to particular agents called antigens (e.g., viruses, bacteria).
Adaptive Immunity
- Responds to antigens by producing antibodies and activating lymphocytes (specific cells of the immune system). Antibodies and cellular responses are more effective in subsequent invasions compared to initial encounters.
Innate Immunity
- Physical barriers: Skin and mucous membranes with secretions (e.g., sweat, saliva).
- Chemical barriers: Antimicrobial substances in bodily fluids (e.g., saliva, mucus, gastric juices). Enzymes and pH can inhibit bacterial activity.
- Cellular defenses: Cells engulf invading microorganisms (e.g., phagocytic cells).
- Inflammation: Redness, swelling, increased temperature at infection sites.
- Fever: Elevated body temperature to kill invading agents or inactivate their toxins.
- Molecular defenses: Interferon and complement systems destroy or impede invading microorganisms.
Physical Barriers
- Skin and mucous membranes protect the body from external injury and infection.
- Body surfaces are lined with cells that produce chemicals (e.g., human beta-defensins).
Granulocytes
- Types of white blood cells with granular cytoplasm and irregularly shaped nuclei.
- Basophils: Release histamine to initiate inflammation.
- Mast cells: Release histamine and are associated with allergies.
- Eosinophils: Abundant during allergic reactions.
- Neutrophils: Guard skin/mucous membranes against infection, phagocytic.
Agranulocytes
- White blood cells lacking granules.
- Monocytes: Phagocytic, derived from myeloid stem cells.
- Lymphocytes: Derived from lymphoid stem cells. Contribute to adaptive immunity. Found in blood, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils.
Phagocytes
- Cells dedicated to engulfing and destroying materials.
- Patrol the body, destroying cellular debris and dead cells.
- Guard bodily linings against pathogens.
- Macrophages are "big eaters" that destroy microorganisms.
Phagocytosis
- Process by which phagocytes digest and destroy invading microbes and foreign materials.
- Phagocytic cells must find, adhere to, ingest, and digest the microorganisms.
Inflammation
- The body's defensive response to damage from a microbial infection.
- Characterized by inflammation clinical signs: increased warmth, redness, swelling, and pain.
- Certain components (C3a, C4a, C5a) promote inflammation and chemotaxis. This attracts phagocytic cells to the injured/infected site.
Molecular Defenses
- Interferon: Small proteins that kill infected cells (non-specifically) or stimulate anti-viral protein production in uninfected cells.
- Three types in humans (alpha, beta, gamma).
- Complement: A set of more than 20 proteins that enhances phagocytosis, directly lyses pathogens, and regulates inflammation.
Natural Killer Cells (NK)
- Increase in activity with exposure to interferon and cytokines.
- Recognize glycoproteins on the surface of virus-infected cells, triggering their death.
Complement System
- Set of > 20 proteins, key for host defense.
- Functions to enhance phagocytosis, directly lyse pathogens, and regulate inflammation responses. Act in a cascade-like reaction (amplifying effect).
Opsonization
- The complement system component C3b coats pathogens, enhancing phagocytosis.
Immune Cytolysis
- Complement system components create lesions on pathogen membranes, causing cell lysis.
Summary
- Innate immunity provides quick, non-specific responses.
- Adaptive immunity targets specific pathogens and remembers prior encounters.
- Immune processes (phagocytosis, molecular defenses, etc.) are crucial to maintaining health.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key immunology terminologies and concepts. This quiz covers innate and adaptive immunity components, phagocytosis, and the roles of interferons and the complement system. Perfect for students looking to solidify their understanding of immune responses.
