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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the immune system?
What is the primary function of the immune system?
- To protect the host against foreign substances or invaders (correct)
- To produce energy through metabolism
- To regulate body temperature
- To facilitate nutrient absorption
Which of the following correctly describes a pathogen?
Which of the following correctly describes a pathogen?
- A bodily function that helps maintain homeostasis
- A type of immune cell produced by the body
- A foreign substance that causes the host to become sick (correct)
- A protective protein released by the immune system
Which term refers to immunity that is gained through immunization?
Which term refers to immunity that is gained through immunization?
- Innate immunity
- Adaptive immunity
- Artificial immunity (correct)
- Natural immunity
What does the term 'immunology' encompass?
What does the term 'immunology' encompass?
Which of the following is not a form of immunity?
Which of the following is not a form of immunity?
What characterizes inactivated vaccines?
What characterizes inactivated vaccines?
Which type of vaccine is made from inactivated toxic compounds?
Which type of vaccine is made from inactivated toxic compounds?
What is a distinguishing feature of genetic vaccines?
What is a distinguishing feature of genetic vaccines?
Which of the following vaccines is likely to provide more durable immune responses?
Which of the following vaccines is likely to provide more durable immune responses?
What type of vaccine is designed to stimulate an immune response without causing infection?
What type of vaccine is designed to stimulate an immune response without causing infection?
What theory was primarily believed to cause diseases like cholera and the black death until the 19th century?
What theory was primarily believed to cause diseases like cholera and the black death until the 19th century?
Who is recognized as the Father of Medicine, and what did he first attribute diseases to?
Who is recognized as the Father of Medicine, and what did he first attribute diseases to?
What significant contribution did Edward Jenner make to immunology?
What significant contribution did Edward Jenner make to immunology?
Which of the following was the first known immunotherapy practice?
Which of the following was the first known immunotherapy practice?
What milestone occurred in 1980 concerning smallpox?
What milestone occurred in 1980 concerning smallpox?
Which aspect of Louis Pasteur’s work led to the development of several vaccines?
Which aspect of Louis Pasteur’s work led to the development of several vaccines?
What is one of Koch's postulates related to the relationship between microorganisms and disease?
What is one of Koch's postulates related to the relationship between microorganisms and disease?
The first clinical description of immunity involved exposure to which disease?
The first clinical description of immunity involved exposure to which disease?
What is the initial step in establishing a microorganism as a causative agent of disease?
What is the initial step in establishing a microorganism as a causative agent of disease?
What type of immunity is characterized by the mother's antibodies being passed to the fetus?
What type of immunity is characterized by the mother's antibodies being passed to the fetus?
What defines adaptive immunity?
What defines adaptive immunity?
What is a key feature of naturally acquired active immunity?
What is a key feature of naturally acquired active immunity?
Which antibody type is primarily responsible for transfer through the placenta?
Which antibody type is primarily responsible for transfer through the placenta?
Artificially acquired passive immunity is best described as:
Artificially acquired passive immunity is best described as:
Inflammatory responses and phagocytosis are characteristics of which immune type?
Inflammatory responses and phagocytosis are characteristics of which immune type?
What can affect the formation of active immunity?
What can affect the formation of active immunity?
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Study Notes
Immunology
- Immunology is the study of the immune system and its functions.
- The immune system is a network of cells, organs, molecules, and pathways that protect against foreign substances.
- The main function of the immune system is to protect the host from foreign substances, such as pathogens (e.g., viruses, bacteria, parasites).
Immunity
- Immunity is the state of being resistant to a pathogen or infectious disease.
- Immunity can be natural or acquired through exposure or immunization.
History of Immunology
- Prehistoric times: Disease was seen as punishment for wrongdoing.
- Classical Greek times: Hippocrates attributed disease to imbalance in bodily humors.
- First written concept of immunity (430 BC): Those who recovered from the plague in Athens were immune to a second infection.
- First immunotherapy (120 BC): Drinking the blood of animals that fed on venomous snakes was believed to induce immunity to snake venom.
- First clinical description of immunity (9th century): Exposure to smallpox conferred immunity.
- Miasma Theory (until 19th century): The belief that "bad air" caused diseases like cholera and plague persisted.
- Variolation (1718): Inhaling or injecting dried smallpox pustules was used to prevent smallpox.
- Smallpox "vaccine" (1798): Edward Jenner discovered that exposure to cowpox protected against smallpox.
- Smallpox eradication (1980): The World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated.
- Germ Theory of Disease (19th century): Louis Pasteur demonstrated that particles in the air could spoil nutrient broth, disproving the Miasma Theory. Pasteur also developed several vaccines.
- Koch's Postulates (1880s): Robert Koch established four criteria for proving a specific microorganism causes a disease.
Types of Immunity
- Innate Immunity: Present in all metazoans, involves inflammatory responses and phagocytosis.
- Adaptive Immunity: More advanced, recognizes specific "non-self" substances in the presence of "self".
- Maternal Passive Immunity: Antibodies (MatAb) are transferred from mother to fetus via the placenta during pregnancy, primarily IgG antibodies.
- Naturally Acquired Active Immunity: Develops after exposure to a pathogen and leads to immunological memory.
- Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity: Short-term immunization obtained by receiving antibodies, often in the form of blood plasma, pooled human immunoglobulin, or monoclonal antibodies (MAb).
- Artificially Acquired Active Immunity: Induced by vaccines, which stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against a specific pathogen, without causing disease symptoms.
- Types of vaccines:
- Inactivated: Composed of killed pathogens.
- Live, Attenuated: Contains weakened, non-disease causing versions of the pathogen.
- Toxoids: Contain inactivated toxins produced by the pathogen.
- Subunit, Recombinant, Polysaccharide, and Conjugate: Use small fragments or pieces of the pathogen.
- Newer types of vaccines:
- Outer Membrane Vesicle (OMV) vaccines: Contain only the outer membrane of the bacterium.
- Genetic vaccines: Deliver nucleic acid coding for an antigen, stimulating an immune response.
- Types of vaccines:
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