Immunology Quiz 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of opsonins in the immune response?

  • To coat antigens and enhance their recognition by immune cells (correct)
  • To directly kill pathogens through lysis
  • To promote the formation of antibodies
  • To initiate apoptosis in infected cells

Which cells are primarily involved in phagocytosis?

  • Basophils and mast cells
  • Erythrocytes
  • Lymphocytes
  • Neutrophils and macrophages (correct)

What characterizes apoptosis?

  • It can be triggered by external toxins only
  • It results in inflammation and tissue damage
  • It is a passive process of cell death
  • It involves a series of molecular steps leading to cell death (correct)

How can cancer cells affect the process of apoptosis?

<p>By blocking the apoptosis process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In opsonization, antibodies and complement components serve as what?

<p>Coating agents that enhance recognition by immune cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is characterized as being non-specific?

<p>Innate Immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the timing of immune responses is correct?

<p>Adaptive immunity can take days to weeks to respond. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune system is dependent on the presence of antigens?

<p>Adaptive Immune System (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does inflammation play in the innate immune response?

<p>It encourages an immediate immune response by increasing blood flow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate immunity?

<p>Specific against pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune response?

<p>To rapidly engulf and destroy pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complex do macrophages use to present antigens after phagocytosis?

<p>Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do neutrophils recognize pathogens before engulfing them?

<p>Through receptors that attach to opsonins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when the phagosome and lysosome fuse in both neutrophils and macrophages?

<p>Phagolysosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional role do macrophages have that distinguishes them from neutrophils?

<p>Antigen presentation to lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an antigen in the immune system?

<p>It causes an immune response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells produce antibodies?

<p>White blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cytokines in the immune system?

<p>To enhance or inhibit immune responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phagocytes are responsible for which of the following?

<p>Eating up pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do opsonins do in the immune response?

<p>Act as markers for phagocytosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about microbes is correct?

<p>Some microbes can be pathogenic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a phagosome formed in phagocytes?

<p>By wrapping around a pathogen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes immunoglobulin A (IgA) from other antibodies?

<p>It has two primary forms: secretory and serum. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Opsonize

Antibodies and complement proteins coat antigens to mark them for phagocytosis.

Phagocytosis

Cells engulf and destroy other cells or particles.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death.

Antigens

Substances that trigger an immune response.

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Phagocytes

Immune cells that engulf and destroy foreign material.

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Neutrophil Function

Rapidly engulf and destroy pathogens at the site of infection.

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Neutrophil Mechanism

Neutrophils use receptors to bind to opsonins (coating proteins) on pathogens, then engulf them into a phagosome. Lysosomes fuse with the phagosome, releasing enzymes to break down the pathogen.

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Macrophage Function

Destroys pathogens via phagocytosis and presents antigens to lymphocytes.

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Macrophage Mechanism

Macrophages use lysosomal enzymes to break down pathogens within a phagosome. Antigen molecules bind to MHC glycoproteins, moving to the cell surface and transforming the macrophage into an antigen-presenting cell (APC).

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Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC)

A cell that presents antigens to lymphocytes, initiating an immune response.

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Microbe

A tiny organism, like bacteria or viruses, that can be harmful (pathogenic) or harmless.

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Cytokine

A type of protein that helps regulate the immune system by either boosting or suppressing its activity.

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Antibody/Immunoglobulin

Special proteins made by white blood cells that can kill or weaken harmful invaders.

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What are proteins?

Large molecules made up of chains of amino acids, responsible for many important functions in the body.

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What are the types of signaling proteins?

Cytokines and complement proteins are both types of signaling proteins that help regulate the immune system.

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Innate Immunity

The body's immediate, non-specific defense against pathogens. It's the first line of defense, acting within hours.

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Adaptive Immunity

The body's specific defense mechanism that targets specific pathogens. It takes longer to activate, but provides long-lasting immunity with memory.

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Physical Barriers

The first line of defense in innate immunity, including skin, mucous membranes, and cilia. These structures physically block pathogens from entering the body.

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Chemical Barriers

The second line of defense in innate immunity, including enzymes like lysozyme in tears, stomach acid, and normal flora. These substances directly kill or inhibit pathogens.

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Inflammation

A localized response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. This brings immune cells to the area to fight infection.

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Study Notes

Opsonization

  • The ability of antibodies and complement proteins to coat pathogens.
  • This allows for easier recognition by phagocytic cells.
  • Opsonins act as markers for the immune system.

Phagocytosis

  • A process by which certain phagocytic cells engulf pathogens or particles.
  • Neutrophils and macrophages are examples of phagocytic cells.

Apoptosis

  • A type of cellular death.
  • A series of molecular steps.
  • Can lead to cell death.
  • May be blocked by cancer cells.

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Test your knowledge on key concepts in immunology including opsonization, phagocytosis, and apoptosis. Understand how these processes play critical roles in the immune response and their implications in health and disease.

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