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What is the main function of neutralization by antibodies?
What is the main function of neutralization by antibodies?
Opsonization involves antibodies binding to pathogens and promoting their destruction by phagocytes.
Opsonization involves antibodies binding to pathogens and promoting their destruction by phagocytes.
True
What are the regions involved in the creation of antibody diversity?
What are the regions involved in the creation of antibody diversity?
Combinatorial diversity, junctional diversity, heavy chain and light chain combinations.
The Fc region of antibodies is important for _____ and _____.
The Fc region of antibodies is important for _____ and _____.
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Match the immune process with its description:
Match the immune process with its description:
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Which two types of cells are affected by Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)?
Which two types of cells are affected by Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)?
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T cells recognize epitopes in their native form on the pathogen surface.
T cells recognize epitopes in their native form on the pathogen surface.
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What is an epitope?
What is an epitope?
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What is the primary function of AIRE (Autoimmune Regulator)?
What is the primary function of AIRE (Autoimmune Regulator)?
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AIRE dysfunction can lead to conditions like vitiligo and alopecia.
AIRE dysfunction can lead to conditions like vitiligo and alopecia.
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What is the consequence of infection that involves enough tissue leading to secreting TNF, IL-1β, and IL-6?
What is the consequence of infection that involves enough tissue leading to secreting TNF, IL-1β, and IL-6?
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Cytokines are usually small, secreted proteins that bind to specific ______ with high affinity.
Cytokines are usually small, secreted proteins that bind to specific ______ with high affinity.
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Which of the following is NOT a cytokine family mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a cytokine family mentioned?
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What is the primary role of the pre-TCR in T cell development?
What is the primary role of the pre-TCR in T cell development?
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Match the cytokines with their primary effects:
Match the cytokines with their primary effects:
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Thymocytes do not migrate during the maturation process.
Thymocytes do not migrate during the maturation process.
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Systemic infections can cause blood pressure to increase significantly.
Systemic infections can cause blood pressure to increase significantly.
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What does AIRE eliminate from T cells?
What does AIRE eliminate from T cells?
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What are the two main stages of T cell development following the double negative stage?
What are the two main stages of T cell development following the double negative stage?
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The ______ chain pairs with the surrogate α chain during the pre-TCR stage.
The ______ chain pairs with the surrogate α chain during the pre-TCR stage.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Which factor shuts down TCR-β rearrangement during the transition to the DN4 stage?
Which factor shuts down TCR-β rearrangement during the transition to the DN4 stage?
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The successful production of the β chain results in the transition out of the DN stage.
The successful production of the β chain results in the transition out of the DN stage.
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What is the main purpose of negative selection in T cell development?
What is the main purpose of negative selection in T cell development?
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What does the complete Pre-BCR consist of?
What does the complete Pre-BCR consist of?
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Tonic signaling has a known ligand.
Tonic signaling has a known ligand.
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What is the significance of the pre-BCR checkpoint?
What is the significance of the pre-BCR checkpoint?
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Activation-induced deaminase (AID) helps introduce mutations by converting ________ to uracil.
Activation-induced deaminase (AID) helps introduce mutations by converting ________ to uracil.
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What is the role of the ITAM sequence in Igβ and Igα?
What is the role of the ITAM sequence in Igβ and Igα?
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Hyper IgM syndrome is caused by a malfunction in class switch recombination.
Hyper IgM syndrome is caused by a malfunction in class switch recombination.
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What happens during the GC light zone?
What happens during the GC light zone?
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Each alternative constant-region encoding gene is preceded by a ________ region.
Each alternative constant-region encoding gene is preceded by a ________ region.
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What does X-linked agammaglobulinemia result in?
What does X-linked agammaglobulinemia result in?
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What initiates the activating signal in Natural Killer (NK) cells when distress markers are found?
What initiates the activating signal in Natural Killer (NK) cells when distress markers are found?
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NKG2D only scans healthy cells for distress markers.
NKG2D only scans healthy cells for distress markers.
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What are the two main components secreted by NK cells to enter the target cell?
What are the two main components secreted by NK cells to enter the target cell?
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Natural Killer (NK) cells predominantly express ______ to bind IgG coating on target cells.
Natural Killer (NK) cells predominantly express ______ to bind IgG coating on target cells.
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What happens to the target cell if activating signals outweigh inhibitory signals?
What happens to the target cell if activating signals outweigh inhibitory signals?
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Naïve CD8 T cells express perforin and granzyme upon activation.
Naïve CD8 T cells express perforin and granzyme upon activation.
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Where do naïve CD8 T cells primarily reside?
Where do naïve CD8 T cells primarily reside?
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The subset of NK cells that do not kill but produce cytokines rapidly primarily release ________.
The subset of NK cells that do not kill but produce cytokines rapidly primarily release ________.
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Match the receptor or factor to its function:
Match the receptor or factor to its function:
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What mechanism do cytokines like IL-1 and TNF utilize to activate endothelial cells?
What mechanism do cytokines like IL-1 and TNF utilize to activate endothelial cells?
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Dendritic cells can present antigens to both CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells without any modification.
Dendritic cells can present antigens to both CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells without any modification.
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What is the primary function of TH1 cells?
What is the primary function of TH1 cells?
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The _____ cytokine family signals through the JAK/STAT pathway.
The _____ cytokine family signals through the JAK/STAT pathway.
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Match the cytokines with their associated roles:
Match the cytokines with their associated roles:
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Which of the following cytokines is primarily responsible for recruiting neutrophils?
Which of the following cytokines is primarily responsible for recruiting neutrophils?
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CCR7 is a chemokine receptor that directs dendritic cells to lymph nodes.
CCR7 is a chemokine receptor that directs dendritic cells to lymph nodes.
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What type of immunity targets helminths and assists in tissue repair?
What type of immunity targets helminths and assists in tissue repair?
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In T cell activation, Signal #1 is the engagement of _____ with MHC-II peptide.
In T cell activation, Signal #1 is the engagement of _____ with MHC-II peptide.
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Match the T cell types with their functions:
Match the T cell types with their functions:
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Which of the following is a member of the TNF family?
Which of the following is a member of the TNF family?
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The activation of macrophages leads other macrophages to release cytokines.
The activation of macrophages leads other macrophages to release cytokines.
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What outcomes are induced by the trimerization of TNF family members?
What outcomes are induced by the trimerization of TNF family members?
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The presence of foreign proteins and MHC I in the cell membrane helps identify _____ cells.
The presence of foreign proteins and MHC I in the cell membrane helps identify _____ cells.
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Study Notes
Immune System Overview
- The immune system protects the body from pathogens.
- Immune responses can be too long (tissue remodeling) or too effective (graft rejection).
- Innate immunity is rapid, needing no prior exposure.
- Adaptive immunity distinguishes unique pathogens.
Innate Immune System
- Contains soluble components (complement cascade).
- Cellular components include phagocytes (engulf pathogens) and NK cells.
- Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) trigger rapid activation.
- Examples of PAMPs include LPS, CpG DNA, mannose, and flagellin.
- Complement system involves leukocyte extravasation (leaving blood vessels and moving to tissues).
Adaptive Immune System
- Involves lymphocytes (B cells and T cells).
- Lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate.
- Lymphocytes distinguish unique pathogens.
- Each lymphocyte has a unique antigen receptor.
B Cells
- Develop in bone marrow.
- Surface immunoglobulin (BCR) is an antigen receptor.
- Antigen binding leads to clonal expansion.
- Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
- Memory cells respond rapidly to subsequent antigen encounters.
T Cells
- Develop in thymus.
- T-cell receptor (TCR) is an antigen receptor.
- Cannot bind free antigens; requires MHC presentation.
- CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic T cells) kill cells with abnormal cytoplasmic proteins.
- CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) signal other immune cells.
Antigen Presentation
- Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules present antigens to T cells.
- MHC Class I molecules present antigens from inside cells.
- MHC Class II molecules present antigens from outside cells.
Phagocytosis
- Cells engulf and destroy pathogens.
- Macrophages and neutrophils are phagocytes.
Antigen Receptors
- B cell receptors (BCRs) and T cell receptors (TCRs) bind specific antigens.
- BCRs can bind free antigens.
- TCRs only bind processed antigens presented by MHC molecules.
- Antigen-antibody binding is essential for adaptive immune responses.
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)
- Located on cell surfaces or in endosomes.
- Recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
- Initiates signaling cascades, leading to the production of inflammatory mediators.
NOD-Like Receptors (NLRs)
- Located in the cytoplasm.
- Recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
- Activate the inflammasome, inducing inflammation.
RLRs
- Located in the cytoplasm.
- Recognizes viral RNA, leading to interferon production and antiviral responses.
Cytokines
- Mediators of immune responses: regulate immune cell development, localization, and effector functions.
Phagocytosis and Killing
- Cells engulf and destroy pathogens.
- Oxidative killing uses reactive oxygen/nitrogen species.
- Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest pathogens.
Complement System
- Serum proteins activate different pathways.
- Complement system results in pathogen lysis and opsonization.
- Complement system leads to phagocytosis of pathogens and inflammation.
- Complement proteins (C3a, C4a, C5a) increase vascular permeability, attract immune cells.
Cell Surface Receptors
- Several types of cell surface receptors mediate both cellular and humoral immune responses
- B and T cell receptors (BCR and TCR) mediate antigen-specific binding
- Receptors and their ligands mediate the inflammatory cascade
Lymphocytes
- B cells mature in the bone marrow, producing antibodies.
- T cells mature in the thymus, becoming CD4+ or CD8+ T cells.
Tolerance
- Mechanisms maintain self-tolerance.
- Central tolerance (thymic selection) eliminates self-reactive T cells.
- Peripheral tolerance mechanisms include anergy, activation-induced cell death, regulatory T cells (reducing reactions to self-antigens).
Hypersensitivity
- Inappropriate immune responses to harmless antigens.
- Four types of hypersensitivity reactions exist: Immediate, cytotoxic, immune complex, and delayed.
Vaccination
- Vaccines provide immunity against pathogens.
- Different vaccine types exist (inactivated, subunit, live-attenuated, etc.).
- Vaccines utilize antigen presentation and stimulate adaptive immune responses to generate memory cells.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key immunological concepts including antibody functions, cytokines, and T cell differentiation. Explore topics such as opsonization, antibody diversity, and the implications of immunodeficiencies. This quiz will enhance your understanding of the immune system.
