Immunology Chapter 16 Review Questions

24 Questions

Which type of immunity/immune response handles intracellular antigens?

Cell-mediated immune response

What is the main role of the thymus in immunity?

Maturation of T cells

Which immunoglobulin class is the most abundant in the entire body?

IgA

What is the relationship between plasma cells, B cells, and antibodies?

B cells differentiate into plasma cells

How do Tc cells kill on contact?

By inducing apoptosis in target cells

What is the primary difference between natural immunity and artificial immunity?

Artificial immunity is acquired through vaccination, while natural immunity is not

Which term refers to the process by which a disease develops?

Pathogenesis

What is the primary difference between commensalism and mutualism?

Commensalism benefits both organisms involved.

In Koch's postulates, what is the purpose of fulfilling all four postulates?

To establish causation between a microorganism and a disease.

Differentiate between a symptom and a sign.

Symptoms are felt by the patient while signs are observed by others.

What distinguishes an endemic disease from an epidemic disease?

Endemic diseases occur at a higher frequency in a specific population or region.

How does biological arthropod transmission differ from mechanical arthropod transmission?

Biological arthropod transmission involves the pathogen replicating within the arthropod vector.

Why is a thrombocyte not a cell?

It lacks a nucleus

Differentiate between phagosome and phagolysosome.

Phagosome is the cellular structure formed after phagocytosis, while phagolysosome is a phagosome fused with lysosomes.

Define interferon and identify the cells that produce interferons and anti-viral proteins.

Interferon is a protein that inhibits viral replication, produced by infected cells, and anti-viral proteins are made by T cells.

Explain the difference between chills, fever, and crisis, and the correct order in which they occur during an infection.

Fever is the first response, followed by chills that precede a crisis of increased body temperature.

List three ways that microbes can evade phagocytosis.

Inducing apoptosis in phagocytes, escaping from phagosomes, and inhibiting chemotaxis

Describe the two families of leukocytes and their functions without focusing on their numerical abundance.

One family comprises granulocytes like basophils that release histamine, while the other contains lymphocytes responsible for memory immunity.

What is the relationship between LD50 and lethality & potency of the toxin?

As LD50 decreases, lethality decreases and potency increases.

What is antigenic variation and how does it contribute to pathogenicity?

Antigenic variation is when an organism changes its surface antigens to evade detection by the host immune system. It contributes to pathogenicity by promoting immune system evasion.

Differentiate between toxin, toxoid, and antitoxin.

Toxin is a substance produced by pathogens that harms the host. Toxoid is a modified, less toxic form of a toxin used in vaccines. Antitoxin is a protein that neutralizes toxins.

What is a nationally notifiable disease and list 2 STD examples from Table 14.6 that are nationally notifiable diseases.

Nationally notifiable disease is one that must be reported to health authorities. Examples include Chlamydia and Gonorrhea.

Describe the mechanism of pathogenicity including adherence, penetration/evasion, damage to the host, and exit.

Pathogenicity comprises attaching to host tissues, evading immune responses, inducing harm, and exiting the host to find new hosts.

List 5 examples of adherence factors (adhesins) and include an example of a bacterium for each.

Pili (fimbriae) - E. coli; Glycocalyx - Streptococcus mutans; Lipoteichoic acid - Staphylococcus aureus; M protein - Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Prepare for your exam by reviewing key concepts from Chapter 16 on immunity. This study guide covers topics such as resistance vs. susceptibility, innate and adaptive immunity, host defense, and barriers to host defenses.

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