Immunology Chapter 16 Review Questions

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Which type of immunity/immune response handles intracellular antigens?

Both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses

Humoral immune response

Cell-mediated immune response (correct)

Innate immune response

What is the main role of the thymus in immunity?

Production of antibodies

Production of red blood cells

Maturation of T cells (correct)

Maturation of B cells

Which immunoglobulin class is the most abundant in the entire body?

IgG

IgE

IgA (correct)

IgM

What is the relationship between plasma cells, B cells, and antibodies?

B cells differentiate into plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

How do Tc cells kill on contact?

By inducing apoptosis in target cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between natural immunity and artificial immunity?

Artificial immunity is acquired through vaccination, while natural immunity is not Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the process by which a disease develops?

Pathogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between commensalism and mutualism?

Commensalism benefits both organisms involved. Signup and view all the answers

In Koch's postulates, what is the purpose of fulfilling all four postulates?

To establish causation between a microorganism and a disease. Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between a symptom and a sign.

Symptoms are felt by the patient while signs are observed by others. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an endemic disease from an epidemic disease?

Endemic diseases occur at a higher frequency in a specific population or region. Signup and view all the answers

How does biological arthropod transmission differ from mechanical arthropod transmission?

Biological arthropod transmission involves the pathogen replicating within the arthropod vector. Signup and view all the answers

Why is a thrombocyte not a cell?

It lacks a nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between phagosome and phagolysosome.

Phagosome is the cellular structure formed after phagocytosis, while phagolysosome is a phagosome fused with lysosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Define interferon and identify the cells that produce interferons and anti-viral proteins.

Interferon is a protein that inhibits viral replication, produced by infected cells, and anti-viral proteins are made by T cells. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between chills, fever, and crisis, and the correct order in which they occur during an infection.

Fever is the first response, followed by chills that precede a crisis of increased body temperature. Signup and view all the answers

List three ways that microbes can evade phagocytosis.

Inducing apoptosis in phagocytes, escaping from phagosomes, and inhibiting chemotaxis Signup and view all the answers

Describe the two families of leukocytes and their functions without focusing on their numerical abundance.

One family comprises granulocytes like basophils that release histamine, while the other contains lymphocytes responsible for memory immunity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between LD50 and lethality & potency of the toxin?

As LD50 decreases, lethality decreases and potency increases. Signup and view all the answers

What is antigenic variation and how does it contribute to pathogenicity?

Antigenic variation is when an organism changes its surface antigens to evade detection by the host immune system. It contributes to pathogenicity by promoting immune system evasion. Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between toxin, toxoid, and antitoxin.

Toxin is a substance produced by pathogens that harms the host. Toxoid is a modified, less toxic form of a toxin used in vaccines. Antitoxin is a protein that neutralizes toxins. Signup and view all the answers

What is a nationally notifiable disease and list 2 STD examples from Table 14.6 that are nationally notifiable diseases.

Nationally notifiable disease is one that must be reported to health authorities. Examples include Chlamydia and Gonorrhea. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the mechanism of pathogenicity including adherence, penetration/evasion, damage to the host, and exit.

Pathogenicity comprises attaching to host tissues, evading immune responses, inducing harm, and exiting the host to find new hosts. Signup and view all the answers

List 5 examples of adherence factors (adhesins) and include an example of a bacterium for each.

Pili (fimbriae) - E. coli; Glycocalyx - Streptococcus mutans; Lipoteichoic acid - Staphylococcus aureus; M protein - Mycobacterium tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers