Immunology Chapter 16 Homework Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is innate immunity?

Is nonspecific and present at birth. (correct)

Provides increased susceptibility to disease.

Is slower than adaptive immunity in responding to pathogens.

Involves T cells and B cells.

Each of the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT:

Opsonization.

Increased phagocytic activity.

Interference with viral replication. (correct)

Bacterial cell lysis.

Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?

Increased diapedesis of phagocytes.

Cytolysis.

Increased margination of phagocytes.

Increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms. (correct)

The swelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid:

Goes into lymph capillaries. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about fixed macrophages is FALSE?

They develop from neutrophils. Signup and view all the answers

All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT:

HCl. Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT:

Fever. Signup and view all the answers

A chill is a sign that:

Body temperature is rising. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is mismatched?

Chemotaxis — chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome. Signup and view all the answers

The alternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by:

Lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3. Signup and view all the answers

The classical pathway for complement activation is initiated by:

Antigen-antibody reactions. Signup and view all the answers

The function of the 'ciliary escalator' is to:

Trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucus and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract. Signup and view all the answers

Activation of C5-C9 results in:

Lysis of microbial cells. Signup and view all the answers

Macrophages arise from which of the following?

Monocytes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity?

Macrophages. Signup and view all the answers

A differential cell count is used to determine each of the following EXCEPT:

The number of red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

The complement protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway after the point in the cascade where the activation of ________ takes place.

C3 Signup and view all the answers

All of the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT:

Lysozymes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Innate Immunity

Innate immunity is nonspecific and present at birth, providing immediate defense against pathogens.
It is distinct from adaptive immunity, which involves T cells and B cells and has a memory component.

Complement Activation Effects

Complement activation leads to increased phagocytic activity, opsonization, and bacterial cell lysis.
It does not directly interfere with viral replication.

Opsonization

Opsonization enhances adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms, facilitating their destruction.
It does not primarily promote diapedesis or margination of phagocytes.

Inflammation and Swelling

Inflammation leads to swelling, which reduces when fluid is directed into lymph capillaries.
Macrophages play a role in clearing the site of infection.

Fixed Macrophages

Fixed macrophages are found in specific tissues and organs, developing from monocytes, not neutrophils.
They gather at sites of infection as part of the immune response.

Skin and Mucous Membrane Protection

The skin and mucous membranes are protected from infection by multiple cellular layers, saliva, the ciliary escalator, and tears.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) does not serve as a protective barrier in this context.

Histamine Effects

Histamine contributes to pain, vasodilation, swelling, and redness during inflammatory responses.
It does not cause fever.

Body Temperature and Chills

A chill signals that body temperature is rising, associated with increasing metabolic activity.

Misconceptions in Immunology

Chemotaxis refers to the movement of immune cells towards chemical signals, not chemical degradation within phagocytes.

Interferons

Alpha and beta interferons initiate the production of antiviral proteins and bind to uninfected cells, but their effects are not long-lasting.

Complement Pathways

The alternative pathway for complement activation starts with lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3.
The classical pathway is initiated by antigen-antibody reactions.

C3 Activation Consequences

Activation of C3 leads to acute inflammation, opsonization, and phagocyte attraction.

Ciliary Escalator Function

The ciliary escalator traps inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucus and propels them away from the lower respiratory tract.

C5-C9 Activation

Activation of C5-C9 results in the lysis of microbial cells within the immune response.

Macrophage Origin

Macrophages arise from monocytes, which are a type of white blood cell.

Phagocytic Activity

Macrophages exhibit the highest phagocytic activity among immune cells, surpassing neutrophils and others.

Differential Cell Count

A differential cell count helps determine white blood cell types and conditions like leukopenia and leukocytosis but does not measure red blood cell counts.

Complement Protein Cascade

The complement protein cascade converges at the activation of C3, unifying the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways.

Blood Vessel Permeability Factors

Factors that increase blood vessel permeability include leukotrienes, prostaglandins, kinins, and histamine.
Lysozymes do not contribute to increased permeability.

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Description

Test your knowledge on foundational concepts in innate immunity with these flashcards from Chapter 16. Each card presents key terms and asks you to identify correct definitions and effects of complement activation. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of immunological principles.