Questions and Answers
Which statement about innate immunity is true?
All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT
The function of the 'ciliary escalator' is to
Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity?
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TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT
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A differential cell count is used to determine each of the following EXCEPT
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The complement protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway after the point in the cascade where the activation of ________ takes place.
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All of the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT
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A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes?
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Margination refers to
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Which of the following statements is TRUE?
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Which of the following is found normally in serum?
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Each of the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT
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Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?
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Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT
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Each of the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion EXCEPT
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The antimicrobial effects of AMPs include all of the following EXCEPT
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The swelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid
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Which of the following statements about fixed macrophages is FALSE?
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Phagocytes utilize all of the following to optimize interaction with microorganisms EXCEPT
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All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT
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All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT
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A chill is a sign that
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Which of the following statements is TRUE?
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Which of the following is mismatched?
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All of the following are part of the mechanism of action of alpha and beta interferons EXCEPT
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The alternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by
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The classical pathway for complement activation is initiated by
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Activation of C3a results in
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Neutrophils with defective lysosomes are unable to
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Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT
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After ingesting a pathogen, lysosomal enzymes produce all of the following EXCEPT
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Activation of C5-C9 results in
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All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT
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Which of the following is involved in resistance to parasitic helminths?
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Macrophages arise from which of the following?
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All of the following pertain to fever EXCEPT that it
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All of the following are iron-binding proteins found in humans EXCEPT
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All of the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step?
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The lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by
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All of the following are components of the inflammatory process EXCEPT
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Several inherited deficiencies in the complement system occur in humans. Which of the following would be the MOST severe?
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Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body fluid?
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Which of the following statements about the classical pathway of complement activation is FALSE?
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Lysozyme and the antibiotic penicillin have similar mechanisms of action in that they both cause damage to the bacterial
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The dermis is composed of connective tissue and serves the primary purpose of providing direct protection from the external environment.
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Microorganisms that are members of the normal microbiota are also known to cause disease.
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Maturation of stem cells into mature blood cells occurs in the red bone marrow.
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The inflammatory response can only be triggered by an infection.
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Histamine and kinins cause increased blood flow and capillary permeability.
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Aspirin alleviates pain, inflammation, and fever by inhibiting prostaglandins.
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Complement proteins in their intact and unactivated form act as opsonins by binding to microorganisms and promoting phagocytosis.
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Digestion of microorganisms occurs in phagosomes.
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An example of a TLR would be peptidoglycan found in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria.
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Ingestion of certain lactic acid bacteria (LABs) has been shown to be beneficial for function and health of the intestinal tract.
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Explain how each of the following avoids being killed by phagocytes: a. Streptococcus pneumoniae, b. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, c. Streptococcus pyogenes, d. Shigella dysenteriae.
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The complement system is extremely important in the innate defense response. It can be said that this system is a cascade system. Explain this statement.
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Describe the nonspecific antimicrobial effects of mucus, lysozyme, and low pH. For each of these substances, list where they are found in the body and how they function in fighting pathogens.
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Describe and differentiate between the three pathways of activating complement.
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Study Notes
Innate Immunity
- Innate immunity is nonspecific and present at birth, unlike adaptive immunity which is slower and more specific.
- Key components include physical barriers, phagocytosis, inflammation, and complement activation.
Skin and Mucosal Protection
- Multiple layers of skin cells, tears, and saliva serve as protective barriers.
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl) does not contribute to skin and mucosal protection.
Ciliary Escalator
- The ciliary escalator traps inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucus and propels them away from the lower respiratory tract, aiding in respiratory health.
Phagocytic Activity
- Macrophages exhibit the highest phagocytic activity compared to neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)
- TLRs bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) but not to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).
Differential Cell Count
- A differential cell count determines the numbers of various white blood cells and can indicate conditions like leukocytosis or leukopenia; it does not assess red blood cell counts.
Complement System Activation
- The complement protein cascade converges at C3 regardless of whether it is activated through the classical, alternative, or lectin pathways.
Blood Vessel Permeability
- Kinins, prostaglandins, histamine, and leukotrienes increase blood vessel permeability, while lysozyme does not play a role in this function.
Inflammatory Response
- Phagocytosis in the inflammatory response helps eliminate microbes following tissue injury.
- Margination refers to the adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels, essential for migration to sites of infection.
Interferons
- Gamma interferon increases macrophage bactericidal activity, while alpha and beta interferons have different roles in antiviral defense.
Serum Components
- Complement proteins are normally found in serum and play significant roles in immune response.
Opsonization
- Opsonization enhances the adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms, increasing phagocytosis efficiency.
Microbiota and Infection Defense
- Normal microbiota protect against infection by outcompeting pathogens for resources and altering the environment but do not produce lysozyme.
Phagocytic Digestion Resistance
- Certain bacterial components like M protein, capsules, and biofilms help bacteria resist phagocytic digestion, while phagolysosome formation aids in eliminating pathogens.
Fever
- Fever is regulated by pyrogens like interleukin-1 and TNF-alpha, promoting immune system functions but can be misunderstood as facilitating microbial growth by increasing iron absorption.
Complement Pathways
- The alternative pathway is initiated by lipid-carbohydrate complexes, and the classical pathway is initiated by antigen-antibody interactions.
- Activation of C3a leads to acute inflammation and increased blood vessel permeability.
Neutrophil Functions
- Neutrophils with defective lysosomes are unable to produce toxic oxygen products, crucial for killing pathogens.
Lymphocytes
- Eosinophils are involved in combating parasitic infections, while macrophages arise from monocytes and play a role in phagocytosis.
Mechanism of Antimicrobial Agents
- Both lysozyme and penicillin damage bacterial cell walls, contributing to their antimicrobial effects.
Chronic Inflammation and Healing
- The inflammatory response includes vasodilation as the first step, promoting blood flow and delivering immune cells to the affected area.
Complement Deficiency
- Deficiencies in C3 are among the most severe, significantly impairing the immune response.
Misconceptions about Immune Mechanisms
- Various misconceptions surround immune mechanisms, such as the classification of components and their roles in disease resistance and progression.
Specific Defense Mechanisms
- Lysozyme does not function as an opsonin; it is involved in direct bacterial lysis.
Gastrointestinal Health
- Lactic acid bacteria (LABs) are acknowledged for beneficial roles in the intestinal tract, highlighting the importance of microbiota in health.
Understanding Pathogen Evasion
- Pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis employ strategies to evade phagocytic destruction, emphasizing the ongoing battle between host defenses and microbial adaptation.
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Test your knowledge of innate immunity and other key concepts covered in Microbiology Chapter 16. This quiz includes flashcards that present important terms and their definitions, helping you prepare for exams effectively.