Microbiology Chapter 16 Test Bank
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Questions and Answers

Which statement about innate immunity is true?

  • Involves a memory component.
  • Involves T cells and B cells.
  • Is slower than adaptive immunity in responding to pathogens.
  • Provides increased susceptibility to disease.
  • Is nonspecific and present at birth. (correct)

    • All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT

  • Saliva.
  • Tears.
  • Multiple layers of cells.
  • The 'ciliary escalator.'
  • HCl. (correct)

    • The function of the 'ciliary escalator' is to

  • Remove microorganisms from the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucus and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract. (correct)
  • Propel inhaled dust and microorganisms toward the mouth, away from the lower respiratory tract.
  • Remove microorganisms from the lower respiratory tract.
  • Trap microorganisms in mucus in the upper respiratory tract.

    • Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT

    <p>AMPs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A differential cell count is used to determine each of the following EXCEPT

    <p>The number of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The complement protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway after the point in the cascade where the activation of ________ takes place.

    <p>C3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT

    <p>Lysozymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes?

    <p>Phagocytosis in the inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Margination refers to

    <p>Adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE?

    <p>Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is found normally in serum?

    <p>Complement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each of the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT

    <p>Interference with viral replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?

    <p>Increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT

    <p>They produce lysozyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each of the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion EXCEPT

    <p>Formation of phagolysosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The antimicrobial effects of AMPs include all of the following EXCEPT

    <p>Inhibition of phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The swelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid

    <p>Goes into lymph capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about fixed macrophages is FALSE?

    <p>They develop from neutrophils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phagocytes utilize all of the following to optimize interaction with microorganisms EXCEPT

    <p>Lysozyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT

    <p>Fever.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT

    <p>Production of antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A chill is a sign that

    <p>Body temperature is rising.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE?

    <p>There are at least thirty complement proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is mismatched?

    <p>Chemotaxis — Chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are part of the mechanism of action of alpha and beta interferons EXCEPT

    <p>They are effective for long periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The alternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by

    <p>Lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The classical pathway for complement activation is initiated by

    <p>Antigen-antibody reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activation of C3a results in

    <p>Acute inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils with defective lysosomes are unable to

    <p>Produce toxic oxygen products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT

    <p>Production of antibody.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After ingesting a pathogen, lysosomal enzymes produce all of the following EXCEPT

    <p>Complement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activation of C5-C9 results in

    <p>Lysis of microbial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT

    <p>They destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is involved in resistance to parasitic helminths?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macrophages arise from which of the following?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following pertain to fever EXCEPT that it

    <p>Accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are iron-binding proteins found in humans EXCEPT

    <p>Siderophorin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step?

    <p>Vasodilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by

    <p>Mannose on the surface of microbes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are components of the inflammatory process EXCEPT

    <p>Antibody synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Several inherited deficiencies in the complement system occur in humans. Which of the following would be the MOST severe?

    <p>Deficiency of C3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body fluid?

    <p>Mucociliary escalator — Intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the classical pathway of complement activation is FALSE?

    <p>C3 is not involved in the classical pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lysozyme and the antibiotic penicillin have similar mechanisms of action in that they both cause damage to the bacterial

    <p>Cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dermis is composed of connective tissue and serves the primary purpose of providing direct protection from the external environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microorganisms that are members of the normal microbiota are also known to cause disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maturation of stem cells into mature blood cells occurs in the red bone marrow.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inflammatory response can only be triggered by an infection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Histamine and kinins cause increased blood flow and capillary permeability.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aspirin alleviates pain, inflammation, and fever by inhibiting prostaglandins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complement proteins in their intact and unactivated form act as opsonins by binding to microorganisms and promoting phagocytosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Digestion of microorganisms occurs in phagosomes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of a TLR would be peptidoglycan found in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ingestion of certain lactic acid bacteria (LABs) has been shown to be beneficial for function and health of the intestinal tract.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how each of the following avoids being killed by phagocytes: a. Streptococcus pneumoniae, b. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, c. Streptococcus pyogenes, d. Shigella dysenteriae.

    Signup and view all the answers

    The complement system is extremely important in the innate defense response. It can be said that this system is a cascade system. Explain this statement.

    Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the nonspecific antimicrobial effects of mucus, lysozyme, and low pH. For each of these substances, list where they are found in the body and how they function in fighting pathogens.

    Signup and view all the answers

    Describe and differentiate between the three pathways of activating complement.

    Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Innate Immunity

    • Innate immunity is nonspecific and present at birth, unlike adaptive immunity which is slower and more specific.
    • Key components include physical barriers, phagocytosis, inflammation, and complement activation.

    Skin and Mucosal Protection

    • Multiple layers of skin cells, tears, and saliva serve as protective barriers.
    • Hydrochloric acid (HCl) does not contribute to skin and mucosal protection.

    Ciliary Escalator

    • The ciliary escalator traps inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucus and propels them away from the lower respiratory tract, aiding in respiratory health.

    Phagocytic Activity

    • Macrophages exhibit the highest phagocytic activity compared to neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

    Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)

    • TLRs bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) but not to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).

    Differential Cell Count

    • A differential cell count determines the numbers of various white blood cells and can indicate conditions like leukocytosis or leukopenia; it does not assess red blood cell counts.

    Complement System Activation

    • The complement protein cascade converges at C3 regardless of whether it is activated through the classical, alternative, or lectin pathways.

    Blood Vessel Permeability

    • Kinins, prostaglandins, histamine, and leukotrienes increase blood vessel permeability, while lysozyme does not play a role in this function.

    Inflammatory Response

    • Phagocytosis in the inflammatory response helps eliminate microbes following tissue injury.
    • Margination refers to the adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels, essential for migration to sites of infection.

    Interferons

    • Gamma interferon increases macrophage bactericidal activity, while alpha and beta interferons have different roles in antiviral defense.

    Serum Components

    • Complement proteins are normally found in serum and play significant roles in immune response.

    Opsonization

    • Opsonization enhances the adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms, increasing phagocytosis efficiency.

    Microbiota and Infection Defense

    • Normal microbiota protect against infection by outcompeting pathogens for resources and altering the environment but do not produce lysozyme.

    Phagocytic Digestion Resistance

    • Certain bacterial components like M protein, capsules, and biofilms help bacteria resist phagocytic digestion, while phagolysosome formation aids in eliminating pathogens.

    Fever

    • Fever is regulated by pyrogens like interleukin-1 and TNF-alpha, promoting immune system functions but can be misunderstood as facilitating microbial growth by increasing iron absorption.

    Complement Pathways

    • The alternative pathway is initiated by lipid-carbohydrate complexes, and the classical pathway is initiated by antigen-antibody interactions.
    • Activation of C3a leads to acute inflammation and increased blood vessel permeability.

    Neutrophil Functions

    • Neutrophils with defective lysosomes are unable to produce toxic oxygen products, crucial for killing pathogens.

    Lymphocytes

    • Eosinophils are involved in combating parasitic infections, while macrophages arise from monocytes and play a role in phagocytosis.

    Mechanism of Antimicrobial Agents

    • Both lysozyme and penicillin damage bacterial cell walls, contributing to their antimicrobial effects.

    Chronic Inflammation and Healing

    • The inflammatory response includes vasodilation as the first step, promoting blood flow and delivering immune cells to the affected area.

    Complement Deficiency

    • Deficiencies in C3 are among the most severe, significantly impairing the immune response.

    Misconceptions about Immune Mechanisms

    • Various misconceptions surround immune mechanisms, such as the classification of components and their roles in disease resistance and progression.

    Specific Defense Mechanisms

    • Lysozyme does not function as an opsonin; it is involved in direct bacterial lysis.

    Gastrointestinal Health

    • Lactic acid bacteria (LABs) are acknowledged for beneficial roles in the intestinal tract, highlighting the importance of microbiota in health.

    Understanding Pathogen Evasion

    • Pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis employ strategies to evade phagocytic destruction, emphasizing the ongoing battle between host defenses and microbial adaptation.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of innate immunity and other key concepts covered in Microbiology Chapter 16. This quiz includes flashcards that present important terms and their definitions, helping you prepare for exams effectively.

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