Immunology Basics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of lysozyme?

To provide structural support in lymph nodes

To enhance the function of natural killer lymphocytes

To activate the complement complex

To attack bacteria and cause them to dissolve (correct)

Which of the following statements about basic polypeptides is accurate?

They are found only in the bone marrow

They react with certain types of gram-positive bacteria (correct)

They primarily target gram-negative bacteria

They are responsible for innate immunity

Which location is NOT associated with the presence of special lymphoid tissues?

Thymus

Tonsils

Brain (correct)

Spleen

What role do natural killer lymphocytes play in the immune response?

They can recognize and destroy foreign cells and infected cells Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the complement complex?

It consists of about 20 proteins that can be activated in various ways Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Interleukin-2 in the immune system?

Stimulates the growth and proliferation of both Cytotoxic and Suppressor T cells Signup and view all the answers

What role do Cytotoxic T cells play in the immune response?

They directly attack and kill infected or abnormal cells Signup and view all the answers

Which lymphokine is primarily responsible for activating Plasma Cells?

Interleukin-4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which Cytotoxic T cells kill their target cells?

By secreting perforins that create holes in the target cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the role of Suppressor T cells?

They inhibit the activity of Cytotoxic T cells and other immune cells Signup and view all the answers

What types of cells does Interleukin-5 specifically stimulate?

B cells to differentiate into antibody-producing cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Interferon-γ in the immune system?

To enhance the phagocytic activity of macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of lymphokines?

They regulate the immune response by signaling between cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism that leads to the symptoms associated with hay fever?

Increased permeability of nasal blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with hay fever?

Coughing fits Signup and view all the answers

How can antihistamines help in the management of hay fever symptoms?

They reduce fluid leakage in nasal cavities Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of leukotrienes being released during an allergic reaction?

Narrow airways leading to asthma-like attacks Signup and view all the answers

In the context of allergic rhinitis, what leads to a red and irritated nose?

Increased blood flow from vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign indicating that a patient has an allergic reaction rather than a common cold?

Persistent sneezing without mucus discharge Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected response of the body when exposed to allergens that cause hay fever?

Increased secretion of histamines and swelling of nasal linings Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor differentiating hay fever from other respiratory conditions?

Seasonal occurrence related to pollen exposure Signup and view all the answers

What condition is represented by a complete closure of the airway, which is dangerous for the patient?

Anaphylaxis Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment combination is essential to reverse a severe allergic reaction in the patient?

Antihistamine, epinephrine, anti-inflammatory, and steroids Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique characteristic of both B and T lymphocytes during their early development?

Rearrangement of antigen receptor genes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of allergic reaction is characterized primarily by skin welts?

Urticaria Signup and view all the answers

Why is antihistamine administration considered less effective for treating asthma?

Histamine does not significantly elicit an asthmatic reaction Signup and view all the answers

What symptom indicates that the lungs may be dangerously silent in a patient during an asthma attack?

Absence of wheezing Signup and view all the answers

What immune cell population must be maintained to prevent fatal consequences?

Helper T-cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of allergic reaction is typically associated with nasal congestion and sneezing?

Hay fever Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Anti-Rabies Immunoglobulin when administered immediately?

To provide readily available antibodies against the rabies virus Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for preventing excessive immune reactions?

Regulatory T Cells Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an allergen in relation to its interaction with antibodies?

An allergen only reacts with IgE reagin antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What undesirable side effect of immunity can result under certain conditions?

Development of allergies and hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of suppressor T cells in the immune system?

To prevent damage from self-antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the timeframe for the body to generate its own antibodies following an initial infection?

7-14 days Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about immune tolerance is true?

It prevents damaging immune reactions against self antigens Signup and view all the answers

What happens when IgE or reagin antibodies encounter an allergen?

They form an allergen/reagin complex that leads to an allergic response Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lysozyme and Immunity Components

Lysozyme attacks bacteria, causing their dissolution and enhances acquired immunity.
Basic polypeptides interact with and neutralize certain gram-positive bacteria.
The complement complex comprises approximately 20 proteins that can be activated through various pathways to eliminate bacteria.
Natural killer lymphocytes identify and destroy foreign cells, tumor cells, and some infected cells.
Key lymphoid tissues include lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and upper respiratory tract structures like tonsils and adenoids.

Cytotoxic and Suppressor T Cells

Cytotoxic T cells directly target and eliminate microorganisms and affected cells by secreting perforins, which create holes in target cell membranes.
Suppressor T cells regulate immune responses to prevent excessive reactions damaging to the body's own tissues.
Activation of Cytotoxic and Suppressor T cells is crucial for immune function regulation, facilitated by lymphokines such as Interleukin-2, Interleukin-3, Interleukin-4, Interleukin-5, Interleukin-6, granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor, and Interferon-γ.

Allergy and Hypersensitivity

Allergens are specific antigens that react with IgE antibodies, leading to hypersensitivity reactions.
Hay fever, or allergic rhinitis, manifests as a sneezing syndrome due to histamine release, leading to nasal symptoms and potential airway constriction.
Histamine release causes local vascular dilation, increased permeability, and causes smooth muscle spasms, particularly in the bronchioles.
Anaphylaxis, one of the deadliest allergic reactions, can result from these responses, causing airway obstruction and requiring immediate medical intervention.

Importance of Antihistamines and Other Treatments

Antihistamines can mitigate allergic reactions by preventing swelling and inflammation.
In severe cases, administering antihistamines, epinephrine, and anti-inflammatory medications simultaneously may be life-saving.
Significant decreases in certain lymphocyte populations, such as Cytotoxic T-cells and Helper T-cells, can be fatal.

Characteristics of B and T Lymphocytes

Both B and T lymphocytes express surface antigens CD4 and CD8 during early development.
Maturation of T cells occurs in the thymus, while B cells produce immunoglobulins.
The rearrangement of antigen receptor genes is critical for effective immune responses.

Types of Allergic Reactions

Four main types of allergic reactions include:
- Anaphylaxis: acute and potentially fatal.
- Urticaria: hives or skin reactions.
- Hay fever: allergic rhinitis symptoms.
- Asthma: respiratory difficulties due to allergic reactions.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of immunology, including the roles of lysozyme, basic polypeptides, and the complement complex. This quiz covers essential concepts related to acquired immunity and bacterial interactions. Perfect for students studying immunology or related health sciences.