Immunology and Vaccination Concepts
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Questions and Answers

Which type of immunity is primarily associated with the role of B cells?

  • Passive immunity
  • Humoral immunity (correct)
  • Cell-mediated immunity
  • Natural immunity

How does antibody production change in older adults after vaccinations?

  • It remains unchanged.
  • It completely stops.
  • It decreases significantly. (correct)
  • It increases significantly.

What is a key characteristic of cell-mediated immunity?

  • It is mediated by B cells.
  • It creates antibodies against pathogens.
  • It provides passive immunity.
  • It does not involve antibodies. (correct)

What role do antigens play in the immune response?

<p>They stimulate the production of antibodies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of vaccines?

<p>To stimulate active immunity by introducing antigens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is recommended to be vaccinated against before traveling to endemic regions?

<p>Cholera (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is provided by immune globulins?

<p>Passive immunity with a short duration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary precaution necessary for storing vaccines?

<p>Refrigerate and have a backup power source (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of epoetin alpha related to blood pressure?

<p>Hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary component should be limited to enhance iron absorption?

<p>High-calcium meals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine is advised for adults who have had shingles?

<p>Recombinant zoster vaccine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse reaction is frequently associated with the use of antivenoms?

<p>Pruritus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precaution is essential when administering vaccines that require refrigeration?

<p>Have a backup storage plan for power outages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance should not be consumed with oral iron therapy to improve absorption?

<p>Dairy products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lab parameter is crucial to monitor during CSF therapy?

<p>Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the target hemoglobin level for patients undergoing epoetin alpha therapy?

<p>11 g/dL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for receiving interferons?

<p>Pregnancy, unless at high risk for MS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should folic acid be administered to treat megaloblastic anemia?

<p>Orally, unless the patient cannot tolerate it (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used to reduce hematologic effects after methotrexate therapy?

<p>Leucovorin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of chemotherapy in cancer treatment?

<p>To target rapidly dividing cancer cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action for pregnant nurses regarding chemotherapy drugs?

<p>Avoid preparing, administering, or handling these drugs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse reaction should be monitored in patients taking temozolomide with radiation?

<p>Pneumocystis pneumonia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precaution is essential when administering antivenoms?

<p>Resuscitation equipment must be available (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom indicates a hypersensitivity reaction during immune globulin therapy?

<p>Cyanosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for administering the varicella vaccine?

<p>Use of salicylates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine contains attenuated antigens?

<p>Live vaccines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition requires the recombinant zoster vaccine?

<p>History of shingles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of administering antivenom after 4 hours of exposure?

<p>It may not be effective. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major adverse reaction to interferons?

<p>Flu-like symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are colony-stimulating factors used after chemotherapy?

<p>To reduce neutropenia and infection risk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for local pain after vaccine administration?

<p>Massage, rest, and apply heat or ice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential adverse reaction to colony-stimulating factors?

<p>Bone pain (B), Hypertension (D), Alopecia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia?

<p>Vitamin B12 or folic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of leucovorin in folic acid deficiency?

<p>Mitigates hematologic effects of methotrexate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a test dose required before administering iron dextran?

<p>To check for anaphylactic reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for darbepoetin alfa?

<p>Uncontrolled hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is treated with interferons?

<p>Multiple sclerosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key side effect of colony-stimulating factors?

<p>Bone pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of antimetabolite drugs in chemotherapy?

<p>Targeting the cell cycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nursing precaution is necessary for chemotherapy handling?

<p>Pregnant nurses should avoid handling chemotherapy drugs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which monitoring parameter is essential when using colony-stimulating factors for neutropenia treatment?

<p>Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major adverse reaction is associated with thrombopoietin receptor agonists?

<p>Vision disturbances (cataract formation) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is primarily mediated by B cells and involves antibody production?

<p>Humoral immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should salicylates be avoided when administering the varicella vaccine?

<p>They increase the risk of Reye’s syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents?

<p>Promote red blood cell production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse reaction is frequently associated with chemotherapy?

<p>Bone marrow suppression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal storage condition for vaccines?

<p>Refrigerated with a backup plan for power outages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does chemotherapy commonly have on the body's blood cell production?

<p>Causes bone marrow suppression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason that interferons are contraindicated during pregnancy?

<p>The potential risks outweigh the benefits for MS patients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should folic acid be administered to effectively treat megaloblastic anemia?

<p>Orally unless gastrointestinal intolerance occurs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of chemotherapy in cancer treatment?

<p>To target rapidly dividing cancer cells effectively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precaution must be taken by pregnant nurses when dealing with chemotherapy drugs?

<p>They must avoid all handling of these drugs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse reaction should be particularly monitored in patients receiving temozolomide with radiation therapy?

<p>Pneumocystis pneumonia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the essential precaution when administering antivenoms?

<p>Resuscitation equipment must be readily available. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is specifically used to reduce the hematologic effects associated with methotrexate therapy?

<p>Leucovorin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of thrombopoietin receptor agonists?

<p>To increase platelet production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is specifically characterized by a lack of intrinsic factor?

<p>Pernicious anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant contraindication for the use of darbepoetin alfa?

<p>Hypertension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is epoetin alpha prescribed for patients with chronic kidney disease?

<p>To stimulate erythropoiesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical side effect of oral iron supplementation?

<p>Black or dark stools (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precaution should be taken prior to administering iron injections?

<p>Avoid milk and antacids before administration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What long-term treatment requirement is associated with pernicious anemia?

<p>Vitamin B12 injections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom may indicate a hypersensitivity reaction during immune globulin therapy?

<p>Hypotension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of resuscitation equipment in relation to antivenom administration?

<p>To manage potential hypersensitivity reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the immunity provided by immune globulins?

<p>Passive immunity that is short-term. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine is classified as a live attenuated vaccine?

<p>Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) in patients undergoing chemotherapy?

<p>To promote white blood cell (WBC) production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of thrombopoietin receptor agonists?

<p>Stimulation of platelet production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse reaction is most commonly associated with the use of interferons?

<p>Flu-like symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When are colony-stimulating factors typically initiated after chemotherapy?

<p>24 hours post-chemotherapy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common adverse reaction is associated with the administration of epoetin alpha?

<p>Hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the immediate action taken if extravasation occurs during IV chemotherapy?

<p>Stop the infusion immediately. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What temperature in a chemotherapy patient indicates a need for immediate medical reporting?

<p>Temperature &gt;100.4°F (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason calcium should be avoided close to iron supplement intake?

<p>It binds to iron, reducing absorption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is specifically associated with inadequate iron levels in the body?

<p>Iron-deficiency anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When administering iron supplements, what method minimizes tooth staining?

<p>Use a straw with juice or water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse reaction is commonly associated with the use of interferons?

<p>Chills and flu-like symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant allergy concern when administering antivenoms?

<p>Allergy to equine serum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chemotherapy drug requires special precautions due to teratogenic risks?

<p>All oral medications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What monitoring is essential when using colony-stimulating factors for patients with neutropenia?

<p>Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity primarily involves B cells and their role in antibody production?

<p>Humoral immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it recommended to avoid salicylates when administering the varicella vaccine?

<p>They increase the risk of Reye’s syndrome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in treatment?

<p>Promote red blood cell production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse reaction is commonly associated with chemotherapy?

<p>Bone marrow suppression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal storage condition recommended for vaccines?

<p>Refrigerated with a backup plan for power outages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response may be adversely affected by chemotherapy due to its common side effects?

<p>Antibody-secreting B cell reduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition should lead to the postponement of vaccination?

<p>Acute febrile illness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason women are advised to avoid pregnancy for at least 3 months after certain vaccinations?

<p>Potential harm to a developing fetus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these vaccines is contraindicated for individuals with known allergies to neomycin or gelatin?

<p>Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is provided when an individual receives a vaccine?

<p>Artificially acquired active immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered before administering a vaccine?

<p>Patient's allergy history (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of individuals should not receive viral vaccines for measles, rubella, and mumps?

<p>Pregnant women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT a reason for administering immune globulins?

<p>Providing lifelong immunity against diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical reason for avoiding vaccination during drug therapy for cancer?

<p>Immunosuppressive effects of the therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Humoral immunity

The type of immunity that involves the production of antibodies by B cells in response to antigens.

Antibody production in older adults

Antibody production decreases in older adults, even after vaccinations, making them more susceptible to infections.

Cell-mediated immunity

A type of immunity where T cells are the primary responders to pathogens.

Antigen function

Antigen triggers the immune system to produce antibodies; commonly proteins or other large molecules.

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Vaccines' primary role

Vaccines stimulate the immune system to create active immunity by introducing antigens.

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Vaccine-preventable disease (example)

Cholera is a disease preventable through vaccination.

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Immune globulin

Provides rapid, but short-term passive immunity (lasts 1-3 months).

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Vaccine storage precaution

Refrigerate vaccines with a backup power source.

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Vaccine refrigeration

Vaccines need refrigeration with backup power to maintain stability.

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Varicella vaccine contraindication

Using salicylates with the varicella vaccine increases the risk of Reye's syndrome.

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Local vaccine pain treatment

Ice or heat, rest, and massage are recommended.

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Live vaccines

Live vaccines use weakened antigens for immunity.

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Recombinant Zoster Vaccine

Used for adults with a prior shingles diagnosis.

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Late antivenom administration

Antivenom may not be as effective after 4 hours of exposure.

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Interferon adverse reaction

Flu-like symptoms (chills, fever, malaise) are common.

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Colony-stimulating factors

Used post-chemotherapy to reduce infection risk by increasing neutrophil production.

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Contraindication for interferons in pregnancy

Interferons shouldn't be used during pregnancy unless the risk of a disease like MS outweighs potential harm.

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Folic acid administration for megaloblastic anemia

Usually given orally, unless the patient has GI issues preventing oral intake.

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Methotrexate and hematologic effects

Leucovorin can reduce the hematologic side effects of methotrexate.

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Chemotherapy's cancer treatment role

Chemotherapy targets rapidly dividing cancer cells.

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Pregnant nurses and chemotherapy

Pregnant nurses should avoid handling chemotherapy drugs.

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Temozolomide with radiation adverse reaction

Pneumocystis pneumonia is a potential adverse reaction when combining temozolomide with brain radiation.

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Antivenom administration precaution

Resuscitation equipment should be readily available when administering antivenoms.

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Role of dehydration in immune response

Cyanosis is a symptom of hypersensitivity and immune response issue.

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Dietary component interfering with iron absorption

High-calcium meals reduce iron absorption.

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Vaccine for shingles history

Recombinant zoster vaccine is recommended for adults with a history of shingles.

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Adverse reaction to antivenoms

Pruritus (itching) is a common hypersensitivity reaction to antivenoms.

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Foods to avoid with oral iron

Dairy products should be avoided when taking oral iron supplements.

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CSF therapy monitoring parameter

Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is crucial for monitoring CSF therapy.

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Target hemoglobin level for epoetin alpha

The target hemoglobin level for patients receiving epoetin alpha should be 11 g/dL.

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Anemia requiring lifelong B12 therapy

Pernicious anemia requires lifelong vitamin B12 therapy.

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Megaloblastic Anemia Cause

Deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid causes megaloblastic anemia.

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Leucovorin's Role in Folic Acid Deficiency

Leucovorin counteracts methotrexate's negative effects on blood cell production.

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Iron Dextran Test Dose

A test dose of iron dextran is required to check for allergic reactions (anaphylactic) before administration.

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Darbepoetin Alfa Contraindication

Uncontrolled hypertension is a contraindication for darbepoetin alfa.

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Interferons' Medical Use

Interferons are used to treat conditions like multiple sclerosis and certain cancers.

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Colony-Stimulating Factors Side Effect

A common side effect of colony-stimulating factors is bone pain.

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Antimetabolites in Chemotherapy

Antimetabolites in chemotherapy target cell division, a key process in cancer.

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Chemotherapy Handling Precautions

Pregnant nurses should avoid handling chemotherapy drugs. Appropriate protective equipment is necessary when handling chemotherapy materials.

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Neutropenia Monitoring

Colony-stimulating factors are used to treat neutropenia, a condition where the body has low neutrophil counts. Monitoring the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is essential to ensure the treatment's effectiveness.

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Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonist Side Effect

Thrombopoietin receptor agonists are medications used to stimulate platelet production. A major adverse reaction to these medications is vision disturbances, specifically cataract formation.

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Salicylates and Varicella Vaccine

Salicylates, like aspirin, should be avoided in conjunction with the varicella vaccine, as it increases the risk of Reye's syndrome, a serious condition that can damage the liver and brain.

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Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents

These agents, like erythropoietin, stimulate the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. They are used to treat anemia.

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Chemotherapy Side Effect

Chemotherapy, a common cancer treatment, often has the side effect of bone marrow suppression, which can lead to low blood cell counts.

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Ideal Vaccine Storage

Vaccines must be stored in a refrigerator to maintain their effectiveness. Backup plans should be in place for power outages to ensure the vaccine's integrity.

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Vaccine Importance

Vaccines play a vital role in preventing infectious diseases. They introduce antigens to the body, stimulating the immune system to develop long-lasting immunity.

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What is a contraindication for varicella vaccine?

Using salicylates (like aspirin) with the varicella vaccine increases the risk of Reye's syndrome, a serious condition that can damage the liver and brain.

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What is the recommended treatment for local vaccine pain?

Non-invasive treatments like massage, rest, and applying ice or heat are recommended to manage local pain after vaccination.

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What type of vaccine uses weakened antigens?

Live vaccines use weakened forms of the virus or bacteria to stimulate the immune system without causing disease.

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Who needs the recombinant zoster vaccine?

Adults who have had shingles (herpes zoster) should receive the recombinant zoster vaccine, not the live one.

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What is the risk of delayed antivenom administration?

Administering antivenom promptly ensures maximum effectiveness. Delays can decrease its efficacy.

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What is a common adverse reaction to interferons?

Interferons commonly cause flu-like symptoms like chills, fever, and malaise.

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Why are colony-stimulating factors used after chemotherapy?

Colony-stimulating factors help reduce the risk of infection by boosting neutrophil production, which is often suppressed by chemotherapy.

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What is a potential adverse reaction to colony-stimulating factors?

Bone pain is a common side effect of colony-stimulating factors.

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Dehydration and Immune Response

Dehydration can lead to a symptom known as cyanosis during immune globulin therapy, which is a hypersensitivity reaction.

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Interferon Contraindication

Interferons should not be used during pregnancy unless the potential benefits outweigh the risks, especially for conditions like multiple sclerosis.

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Folic Acid Administration

Folic acid is commonly administered orally for megaloblastic anemia, unless the patient has difficulty absorbing it through the digestive system.

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Methotrexate Side Effect Reducer

Leucovorin is used to mitigate the potentially harmful effects of methotrexate on blood cell production.

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Chemotherapy's Target

Chemotherapy's primary purpose in cancer treatment is to target and destroy rapidly dividing cancer cells.

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Temozolomide and Radiation Risk

Patients taking temozolomide with brain radiation are at higher risk for developing pneumocystis pneumonia, a type of lung infection.

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Thrombocytopenia Treatment

Thrombopoietin receptor agonists are used to stimulate platelet production in patients with low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia).

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What is epoetin alpha used for?

Epoetin alpha is used to stimulate erythropoiesis (red blood cell production) in patients with anemia, especially those with chronic kidney disease.

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Pernicious Anemia Cause

Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin B12.

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Pernicious Anemia Treatment

Pernicious anemia requires lifelong treatment with vitamin B12 injections or high doses of oral vitamin B12.

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Iron Supplementation Side Effect

Oral iron supplements can cause black or dark stools, which is a common side effect and not a cause for concern.

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Administering Iron Injections

Avoid giving iron injections with milk or antacids, as they interfere with iron absorption.

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Hypersensitivity to Immune Globulin

Hypersensitivity reactions to immune globulin therapy can include symptoms like hypotension (low blood pressure) and cyanosis (blue skin discoloration).

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Chemotherapy handling

Pregnant nurses should avoid handling chemotherapy drugs. They have a significant risk of harming the fetus. Protective gear is vital when handling chemotherapy materials.

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Extravasation during IV chemotherapy

If extravasation occurs (leaking of chemo into surrounding tissues), stop the infusion immediately.

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Iron supplement administration for tooth staining

Use a straw when drinking iron supplements to minimize staining of the teeth.

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Calcium and iron supplements

Avoid taking calcium near the time of iron supplement intake. Calcium can interfere with iron absorption.

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Iron deficiency anemia

Iron deficiency anemia occurs when the body cannot produce enough hemoglobin due to low iron levels.

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Fever in chemotherapy patients

A fever above 100.4°F in a chemotherapy patient requires immediate medical attention. It may indicate an infection.

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Neutropenia Treatment

Colony-stimulating factors are used to treat neutropenia, a condition with low neutrophil count. They help boost the body's infection-fighting ability.

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Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonists

These medications stimulate platelet production. A major side effect is vision disturbances, particularly cataract formation.

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Varicella Vaccine and Salicylates

Salicylates, like aspirin, should be avoided with the varicella vaccine because they can increase the risk of Reye's syndrome, a serious condition that can damage the liver and brain.

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Passive Immunity

Immunity provided by ready-made antibodies, typically obtained from external sources like immune globulins. It offers rapid protection but is short-lived, lasting only a few weeks or months.

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Live Attenuated Vaccine

A vaccine containing a weakened version of the pathogen that can still stimulate an immune response without causing the disease. This type of vaccine provides long-lasting immunity.

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Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSFs)

Proteins that stimulate the production of white blood cells, particularly neutrophils, helping the body fight infections.

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Interferons

Proteins produced by the immune system to interfere with viral replication. Used to treat certain viral infections and cancers.

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Epoetin Alpha

A synthetic version of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production. Used to treat anemia.

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Antivenom Administration

The administration of specific antibodies to neutralize venom. Requires immediate action and resuscitation equipment should be readily available.

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Live-Attenuated Vaccine Contraindication

Live-attenuated vaccines should be avoided in patients receiving interferons due to the potential for complications.

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Contraindications to Immunization

Conditions or factors that make giving a vaccine unsafe or inappropriate.

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What are some examples of contraindications to immunization?

These include severe illness, allergy to vaccine components, pregnancy, and recent steroid therapy. Also, individuals with an immunology deficiency and clients who have had a severe reaction to a previous dose of the vaccine should not be given any additional doses.

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Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

Immunity that develops when a person is exposed to and contracts a disease, resulting in the production of antibodies that provide future resistance.

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Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

Immunity gained through vaccination, where a weakened or killed version of a pathogen stimulates the production of antibodies.

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What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

Active immunity involves the body's own immune system producing antibodies, either naturally through infection or artificially through vaccines. Passive immunity involves receiving pre-made antibodies from an external source.

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What is the role of immunization in disease control?

Immunization is a crucial method of controlling infectious diseases. It creates artificial active immunity, protecting individuals and preventing widespread outbreaks.

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Study Notes

Pharm Exam Questions and Answers

  • Question 1: Which immunity type is associated with B cells?

    • Answer: B. Humoral immunity
    • Rationale: Humoral immunity involves B cells creating antibodies in response to antigens.

  • Question 2: What happens to antibody production in older adults?

    • Answer: C. It decreases, even after vaccinations.
    • Rationale: Older adults produce fewer antibodies, making them more susceptible to infections.

  • Question 3: Which characteristic describes cell-mediated immunity (CMI)?

    • Answer: A. Involves T cells as first responders
    • Rationale: T cells are the primary responders in cell-mediated immunity.

  • Question 4: What is true about antigens?

    • Answer: B. Antigens stimulate the production of antibodies.
    • Rationale: Antigens, often proteins, trigger the body to produce antibodies.

  • Question 5: What is the primary role of vaccines?

    • Answer: B. To stimulate the immune response and create active immunity
    • Rationale: Vaccines introduce antigens to activate the body's immune system.

  • Question 6: Which disease is preventable by vaccination before traveling to endemic areas?

    • Answer: B. Cholera
    • Rationale: Vaccines help prevent diseases prevalent in certain regions.

  • Question 7: What kind of immunity does immune globulin provide?

    • Answer: C. Passive immunity with short duration
    • Rationale: Immune globulins provide rapid, but temporary, passive immunity.

  • Question 8: What is the primary precaution for storing vaccines?

    • Answer: B. Refrigerate and have a backup power source
    • Rationale: Vaccines need refrigeration to maintain stability.

  • Question 9: What is a contraindication for administering the varicella vaccine?

    • Answer: C. Use of salicylates
    • Rationale: Using salicylates with the varicella vaccine increases the risk of Reye's syndrome.

  • Question 10: What's the recommended treatment for local pain after vaccine administration?

    • Answer: B. Massage, rest, and apply heat or ice
    • Rationale: Noninvasive treatments, such as heat or ice, are usually recommended.

  • Question 11: What type of vaccine contains attenuated antigens?

    • Answer: A. Live vaccines
    • Rationale: Live attenuated vaccines use weakened antigens to stimulate immunity.

  • Question 12: Which condition requires the recombinant zoster vaccine?

    • Answer: B. History of shingles
    • Rationale: This vaccine is specifically for people with a history of chicken pox.

  • Question 13: What is the risk of administering antivenom after 4 hours of exposure?

    • Answer: B. It may not be effective.
    • Rationale: Antivenom's effectiveness decreases with increasing delay in administration.

  • Question 14: What is a major adverse reaction to interferons?

    • Answer: B. Flu-like symptoms
    • Rationale: Interferons commonly cause flu-like symptoms.

  • Question 15: Why are colony-stimulating factors used after chemotherapy?

    • Answer: C. To reduce neutropenia and infection risk
    • Rationale: CSFs boost neutrophil production, aiding recovery and immunity.

  • Question 16: Which adverse reaction is potentially linked to colony-stimulating factors?

    • Answer: C. Bone pain
    • Rationale: Bone pain is a frequent adverse reaction to CSFs.

  • Question 17: Which condition is treated using thrombopoietin receptor agonists?

    • Answer: B. Thrombocytopenia
    • Rationale: These agents stimulate platelet production.

  • Question 18: Why is epoetin alfa used in CKD-related anemia?

    • Answer: B. It stimulates erythropoiesis
    • Rationale: Epoetin alfa increases RBC production, managing anemia from kidney disease.

  • Question 19: What is a contraindication for darbepoetin alfa?

    • Answer: A. Hypertension
    • Rationale: Uncontrolled hypertension is a contraindication due to potential cardiovascular risks.

  • Question 20: Which type of anemia results from a lack of intrinsic factor?

    • Answer: C. Pernicious anemia
    • Rationale: Pernicious anemia results from an inability to absorb vitamin B12, a vital nutrient.

  • Question 21: What is true about pernicious anemia?

    • Answer: B. It requires lifelong therapy with vitamin B12.
    • Rationale: Vitamin B12 deficiency, the cause of pernicious anemia, requires lifelong supplementation.

  • Question 22: What is a common adverse reaction to oral iron supplementation?

    • Answer: B. Black or dark stools
    • Rationale: A change in stool color is a common side effect of oral iron supplements.

  • Question 23: What precaution should be taken when administering iron injections?

    • Answer: B. Inject into fatty tissue
    • Rationale: This minimizes the risk of local tissue damage.

  • Question 24: Which symptom indicates a hypersensitivity reaction to immune globulin therapy?

    • Answer: B. Cyanosis
    • Rationale: Cyanosis is a sign of a severe reaction.

  • Question 25: What is a contraindication for receiving interferons?

    • Answer: B. Pregnancy
    • Rationale: Interferons are generally not recommended during pregnancy.

  • Question 26: How should folic acid be administered to treat megaloblastic anemia?

    • Answer: C. Orally, unless the patient cannot tolerate it
    • Rationale: Oral administration is usually preferred unless contraindicated by patient factors.

  • Question 27: Which medication is used to reduce hematologic effects after methotrexate therapy?

    • Answer: B. Leucovorin
    • Rationale: Leucovorin helps mitigate side effects.

  • Question 28: What role does chemotherapy play in cancer treatment?

    • Answer: B. To target rapidly dividing cancer cells
    • Rationale: Chemotherapy is designed to kill rapidly dividing cells, including cancerous ones.

  • Question 29: What is the recommended action for pregnant nurses regarding chemotherapy drugs?

    • Answer: B. Avoid preparing, administering, or handling these drugs
    • Rationale: Chemotherapy drugs pose a risk to the fetus.

  • Question 30: What adverse reaction is monitored in patients taking temozolomide with radiation?

    • Answer: C. Pneumocystis pneumonia
    • Rationale: Combining temozolomide and radiation increases the risk of this complication.

  • Question 31: What precaution is essential when administering antivenoms?

    • Answer: B. Resuscitation equipment must be available
    • Rationale: Preparedness for potential severe reactions is paramount.

  • Question 32: What type of immunity do immune globulins provide?

    • Answer: B. Passive, short-term immunity
    • Rationale: Immune globulins provide temporary immunity.

  • Question 33: Which of the following is an example of a live attenuated vaccine?

    • Answer: B. Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)
    • Rationale: MMR vaccine uses a live, weakened form of the virus to induce immunity.

  • Question 34: What is the function of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)?

    • Answer: B. Promote WBC production to combat neutropenia
    • Rationale: CSFs stimulate the production of white blood cells, fighting infections.

  • Question 35: What is the role of thrombopoietin receptor agonists?

    • Answer: C. Elevate platelet counts
    • Rationale: These agents increase platelet counts for patients with thrombocytopenia.

  • Question 36: Which adverse reaction is most frequently associated with interferons?

    • Answer: A. "Flu-like symptoms"
    • Rationale: This is a common, mild side effect for many interferon treatments.

  • Question 37: What should be avoided when administering interferons?

    • Answer: B. Live-attenuated vaccines
    • Rationale: Live attenuated vaccines can be dangerous in patients receiving interferons.

  • Question 38: When should colony-stimulating factors be started after chemotherapy?

    • Answer: C. 24 hours
    • Rationale: Initiating CSFs after 24 hours optimizes effectiveness.

  • Question 39: What is a common adverse reaction to epoetin alfa?

    • Answer: B. Hypertension
    • Rationale: Epoetin alfa's effect on red blood cell production, sometimes causes blood pressure to go up.

  • Question 40: What dietary component can interfere with iron absorption?

    • Answer: B. High-calcium meals
    • Rationale: Calcium in foods inhibits iron absorption.

  • Question 41: Which vaccine is recommended for adults with a history of shingles?

    • Answer: B. Recombinant zoster vaccine
    • Rationale: This vaccine is recommended for people who have had chicken pox.

  • Question 42: What is an adverse reaction to antivenoms?

    • Answer: A. Pruritus
    • Rationale: Pruritus is a common example of a hypersensitivity reaction.

  • Question 43: What is a precaution needed for vaccines stored in refrigeration?

    • Answer: B. Always have a backup storage plan for power outages
    • Rationale: An interruption of the power supply will damage the temperature sensitive vaccines

  • Question 44: What should be avoided when taking oral iron therapy?

    • Answer: B. Dairy products
    • Rationale: Dairy products block iron absorption, so they should be taken at separate times

  • Question 45: Which lab parameter is important in CSF therapy?

    • Answer: C. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)
    • Rationale: ANC evaluation is vital for proper monitoring.

  • Question 46: What is the target Hemoglobin level for epoetin alpha therapy?

    • Answer: C. 11 g/dL
    • Rationale: 11g/dL is the target hemoglobin level

  • Question 47: What type of anemia requires lifelong vitamin B12 therapy?

    • Answer: B. Pernicious anemia
    • Rationale: Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor leading to inability to absorb vitamin B12.

And so on... (Additional questions and their answers would be added in the same format as above.)

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Test your knowledge on key concepts of immunology and vaccination. This quiz covers topics including B cell immunity, antibody production in older adults, the role of antigens, and vaccine recommendations. Learn about important precautions and common side effects related to vaccines and treatments.

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