Immunology and Pathophysiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily mediated by IgE antibodies?

  • Type IV
  • Type II
  • Type I (correct)
  • Type III

    • What is a characteristic feature of chronic inflammation?

  • Neutrophil infiltration
  • Increased vascular permeability
  • Granuloma formation (correct)
  • Dominance of plasma cells

    • Which of the following is NOT considered a primary cause of delayed wound healing?

  • Epithelioid cell formation (correct)
  • Ischemia
  • Infection
  • Hypovolemia

    • What is the primary distinction between active and passive immunity?

    <p>Active immunity involves the host producing their own antibodies or T cells, while passive involves transferred antibodies or T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of alloimmunity?

    <p>Transplant rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the acute inflammatory response?

    <p>Prevent infection spread and prepare the area for healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune deficiency is primarily caused by genetic factors?

    <p>Primary (Congenital) immune deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient presents with muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, and paralysis. Which electrolyte imbalance is MOST likely the cause?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is MOST appropriate for a patient experiencing severe hypernatremia?

    <p>Intravenous hypotonic fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient in a state of anxiety and experiencing hyperventilation is at risk for developing which acid-base imbalance?

    <p>Respiratory Alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with chronic kidney disease presents with severe metabolic acidosis. Which treatment is the LEAST appropriate in this situation?

    <p>Potassium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following EKG changes is MOST indicative of hypokalemia?

    <p>U wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with severe vomiting is MOST at risk of developing which acid-base imbalance?

    <p>Metabolic Alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with COPD is MOST at risk for which acid-base imbalance?

    <p>Respiratory Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for a patient experiencing symptomatic hypokalemia with associated cardiac dysrhythmias?

    <p>Intravenous potassium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolyte imbalances often manifest with tingling of lips and fingers, restlessness, and intestinal cramping?

    <p>Mild hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of fluid balance, which scenario is MOST likely to cause intracellular dehydration?

    <p>Sodium gain or water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of caretaker genes in cancer development?

    <p>They repair damaged DNA, and their loss of function increases mutation rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of telomeres in normal cells, and how do cancer cells manipulate this?

    <p>They are protective caps on chromosomes; cancer cells switch them on to allow continual cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic inflammation contribute to cancer development?

    <p>By stimulating cell proliferation, increasing angiogenesis, and producing cytokines and growth factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) play in cancer progression?

    <p>They suppress cytotoxic T cells, promote tumor growth, and secrete angiogenesis factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of epigenetic silencing on gene expression?

    <p>It causes changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of how a mutated intracellular signaling protein can contribute to cancer development?

    <p>Mutation in Ras protein regulates cell growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chromosome instability (CIN) relate to the development of malignant cells?

    <p>It increases chromosomal loss, heterozygosity, and amplification, which accelerates loss of tumor suppressor genes and overexpression of oncogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly pairs an inflammation-related condition with a type of cancer it can predispose individuals to?

    <p>Ulcerative colitis: Increased risk of colon cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which tumor suppressor genes contribute to preventing cancer?

    <p>Promoting DNA damage to increase mutation rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the inactivation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) tumor suppressor contribute to cancer development?

    <p>It removes the normal break in the cell cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a congenital factor that can contribute to childhood cancer?

    <p>Exposure to ionizing radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cancers is NOT commonly associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection?

    <p>Cervical cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following environmental factors is most likely linked to leukemia in children?

    <p>Exposure to pesticides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the characteristics of childhood cancers?

    <p>They often originate from the ectodermal germ layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common genetic factor associated with an increased risk of childhood cancer?

    <p>Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily drives passive transport mechanisms in cells?

    <p>Concentration gradients and pressure differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of active transport?

    <p>Na+/K+ pump moving ions against their gradients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of first messengers in cellular communication?

    <p>To bind to receptors on the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of stem cells?

    <p>Transmitting nerve impulses directly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can cause alterations in cell environments leading to adaptation?

    <p>Ischemia or hypoxia resulting in low oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of second messengers like cAMP?

    <p>To activate specific enzymes within the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of free radical formation in cells?

    <p>Potential attachment to and damage of nearby molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is involved in the expelling of substances from a cell?

    <p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes multipotency in stem cells?

    <p>Ability to differentiate into a limited range of cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Innate Immunity

    • Types of immunity include innate resistance (natural barriers and inflammatory response) and adaptive (acquired) immunity.
    • Lines of defense:
      • First line: Includes natural barriers like skin, low pH of skin, the linings of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts, sloughing off of cells, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, urinating, mucus, and cilia.
      • Second line: Inflammation; characterized by rapid initiation, no memory cells, cardinal signs (redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function), and vascular responses (blood vessel dilation, increased permeability, and WBC adherence).
      • Third line: Adaptive (acquired) immunity.
    • Biochemical barriers consist of antibacterial peptides present in mucus, perspiration, saliva, tears, and earwax.

    Second Line of Defense: Inflammation

    • Causes: Infection, mechanical damage, ischemia, nutrient deprivation, extreme temperatures, and radiation.
    • Functions: Preventing and limiting infection, controlling inflammatory processes, and preparing the area for healing.
    • Characteristics: Rapid initiation and no memory cells; characterized by cardinal signs of inflammation (redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function).
      • Vascular response: Blood vessel dilation and increased permeability, leading to WBC adherence and migration through vessels.
    • Plasma Protein Systems in Inflammation: Complement system destroys pathogens (directly targets antibodies & antigens); clotting system forms a mesh to stop bleeding and prevent infection spread; kinin system.

    Cellular Mediators in Inflammation

    • Mast cells
    • Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
    • Monocytes, macrophages
    • Natural killer cells, lymphocytes
    • Cellular fragments (platelets)
    • Biochemical Mediators: Released from destroyed cells as well as from other cells to regulate inflammatory responses.

    Cellular Receptors

    • Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs): Recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (e.g., toll-like receptors, complement receptors, scavenger receptors).
    • They initiate an inflammatory response in response to tissue injury.

    Phagocytosis

    • Key cells (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages) ingest and dispose foreign materials.

    Manifestations of Inflammation

    • Local signs: Heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function.
    • Systemic signs: Fever, leukocytosis (increase in white blood cells), increased plasma protein synthesis.
    • Exudate types: Serous (watery), fibrinous (thick, clotted), purulent (pus), hemorrhagic (contains blood). A type of exudate is a fluid that leaks from damaged cells.

    Chronic Inflammation

    • Lasts 2 weeks or longer
    • Characterized by dense infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes; granuloma formation.
    • Causes: Unsuccessful acute inflammatory response, microorganisms, toxins, or irritants,

    Wound Healing Stages

    • Inflammation (cleanses the wound).
    • Reconstruction (begins 3-4 days post-injury; lasts 2 weeks)
    • Remodeling (scar formation over several weeks to years)
    • Types Primary intention (minimal tissue loss) & Secondary intention (significant tissue replacement; scar formation).

    Adaptive Immunity

    • Characteristics: Recognizes foreign substances, provides long-term protection, and has memory.
    • Key components involve T and B cells and antibodies (immunoglobulins).
      • Different classes of antibodies include IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE.

    Hypersensitivity Reactions

    • Type I: IgE-mediated (e.g., allergies, anaphylaxis).
    • Type II: Tissue-specific (e.g., Graves' disease).
    • Type III: Immune complex-mediated (e.g., lupus).
    • Type IV: T-cell-mediated (e.g., contact dermatitis).

    Autoimmunity and Alloimmunity

    • Autoimmunity: Immune system attacks self-antigens.
    • Alloimmunity: Reaction against beneficial foreign tissues (e.g., transplants).

    Immune Deficiencies

    • Primary (congenital): Genetic defects in immune system components.
    • Secondary (acquired): Caused by other diseases or conditions (e.g., HIV, malnutrition).

    Chronic Inflammation

    - Occurs when acute inflammation is unsuccessful.
- Characterized by dense infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes leading to granuloma formation.

    Test Review Questions

    - What is often found in chronic inflammation?
- What are the functions of acute inflammation?
- What causes delayed wound healing?

    Active vs. Passive Immunity

    • Active (acquired): Body produces antibodies after exposure or vaccination; long-lasting.
    • Passive (temporary): Antibodies from another source (e.g., mother's milk) are transferred; short-lasting.

    Types of Antibodies and their roles

    • IgE: Allergies and parasitic infections.
    • IgM: First responder in infections.
    • IgG: Provides long-term immunity; crosses placenta.
    • IgA: Found in secretions (e.g., saliva, tears, breast milk).

    Antigen Presentation

    • APCs (e.g., dendritic cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes): Process and present antigens to T-helper cells to initiate immune responses.

    Hypersensitivity Types and examples

    • Type I: IgE-mediated (e.g., anaphylactic reactions)
    • Type II: Tissue-specific (e.g., hemolytic anemia)
    • Type III: Immune complex-mediated (e.g., lupus)
    • Type IV: T-cell mediated (e.g., contact dermatitis)

    Diseases and Clinical Signs of Imbalances

    • Magnesium: Hypomagnesemia-neuromuscular irritability, tetany; Hypermagnesemia—muscle weakness, hypotension.
    • Calcium -Hypocalcemia -muscle spasms; Hypercalcemia-decreased neuromuscular excitability, weakness, kidney stones, constipation.
    • Potassium -Hypokalemia-decreased neuromuscular excitability, skeletal muscle weakness, cardiac dysrhythmias; Hyperkalemia-tingling, restlessness,intestinal cramping, weakness, paralysis
    • Sodium-Hyponatremia free water excess; Hypernatremia-intracellular dehydration.

    Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS).

    • The RAAS is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance and sodium and water retention by activating a cascade of events. Blood pressure/sodium levels drop, activating the system. The kidney will release renin which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I and II, resulting in vasoconstriction, which will increase blood pressure. Angiotensin II will also stimulate the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone. Aldosterone causes the kidneys to retain sodium and water, further increasing blood pressure.

    Acid-Base Imbalances

    • Respiratory acidosis or alkalosis, & Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis.

    Cancer Test Review

    • Benign vs. malignant tumors. (Benign tumors are slow-growing, well-differentiated, and non-invasive; malignant tumors are fast-growing, poorly differentiated, and invasive).
    • Carcinoma in situ (CIS).
    • Genetic mechanisms of carcinogenesis (activation of proto-oncogenes, mutation of tumor suppressor genes, and mutations preventing apoptosis).
    • Inflammation's role in cancer development.
    • Active vs. passive immunotherapy.

    Common Cancers in Children

    • Characteristics and causes.
    • Genetic factors, congenital factors, and environmental factors.

    Types of Epigenetic Modifications

    • DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNAs. How they influence gene expression.

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    NURS 5350 Inflammation, Immunity, and Wound Healing PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts of immunology and pathophysiology with this quiz. Explore topics such as hypersensitivity reactions, inflammation, immunity, and electrolyte imbalances. Perfect for students studying health sciences or related fields.

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