NURS 7053 Advanced Pathophysiology I Immunology

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the immune system?

To produce hormones for growth

To facilitate digestion

To prevent or eradicate infections (correct)

To regulate body temperature

Which of the following best describes the inflammatory response?

Targets specific antigens only

Slow and adaptive with high specificity

Specific and memory-driven

Rapid and nonspecific with no memory (correct)

What type of immunity is specifically linked to lymphocytes and antibodies?

Passive immunity

Adaptive immunity (correct)

Nonspecific immunity

Innate immunity

Which of the following is an example of a foreign antigen?

Bacteria (A) Signup and view all the answers

What directs the synthesis of HLA antigens?

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lymphoid stem cells in the immune response?

They differentiate into immunocompetent B and T cells. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'clonal diversity' in the immune system?

The production of a diverse population of lymphocytes that can recognize many foreign antigens. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where do lymphocytes become immunocompetent?

In the primary lymphoid organs like the thymus or bone marrow. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during clonal selection in the immune response?

Mature B and T cells proliferate in response to a specific antigen. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of secondary lymphoid tissues in the immune response?

They are where lymphocytes reside and respond to antigens. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary immunoglobulin produced during a secondary immune response?

IgG (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T lymphocyte is responsible for directly killing infected or cancer cells?

Cytotoxic T cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Memory T cells in the immune system?

Induce secondary immune response (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T lymphocyte is mainly responsible for delayed hypersensitivity reactions?

Lymphokine-producing T cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of natural killer (NK) cells upon activation?

Engage in direct cell killing (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine involves the use of killed virulent microbes?

Inactivated vaccine (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of regulatory T cells?

Suppress immune responses (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which component predominantly stimulates the B lymphocyte response in traditional vaccines?

Nonpathogenic forms of microbes (C) Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the selection and stimulation of immunocompetent B and T cells?

Clonal expansion (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is responsible for producing antibodies in response to an antigen?

Plasma cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do Th1 cells primarily stimulate in the immune response?

Cytotoxic T cell proliferation (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibodies is produced primarily in response to a secondary immune response?

IgG (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells express foreign antigens on MHC Class II receptors to activate helper T cells?

Macrophages (C) Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in the immune response?

Helper T cell activation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Fc fragment of an antibody?

Activating the complement system (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibody is primarily involved in allergic responses?

IgE (C) Signup and view all the answers

How are B and T memory cells useful in the immune response?

They enable faster responses to subsequent infections. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of the primary immune response?

Latent period before measurable antibody production (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine is made from inactivated bacterial toxins?

Toxoid vaccines (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of synthetic vaccines?

They are formed from recombinant proteins in a laboratory. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine requires booster shots less frequently?

Live attenuated vaccines (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response is primarily stimulated by conjugate vaccines?

Th cell response (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vaccines is an example of a subunit vaccine?

HPV vaccine (C) Signup and view all the answers

What risk is associated with live attenuated vaccines for specific populations?

Safety concerns for immunocompromised individuals (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine includes microbes treated to reduce their infectivity while retaining immunogenicity?

Live attenuated vaccines (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about DNA vaccines?

Clinical trials are ongoing for several infections. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Basic Concepts in Immune Function

Immune system prevents and eradicates infections.
Plays a role in surveillance and destruction of cancer cells.
Immune response can lead to cell injury and pathological inflammation.
Recognizes and responds to tissue grafts.

Comparison of Inflammatory and Immune Responses

Inflammatory Response (Innate Immunity)
- Rapid and nonspecific.
- No memory involved.
- Engages various cells: neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, eosinophils, and more.
Immune Response (Adaptive Immunity)
- Slower and specific.
- Develops memory of pathogens.
- Involves lymphocytes (B and T cells) and antibodies.
- Can be induced through vaccination.

Antigens

Molecules recognized by lymphocytes and antibodies.
Foreign Antigens: Include viruses, bacteria, environmental allergens, foods, and drugs.
Self-Antigens: Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) distinguishes self from non-self, found on most cells.

Overview of the Immune Response

Divided into Generation of Clonal Diversity and Clonal Selection.
Generation of Clonal Diversity
- Bone marrow produces lymphoid stem cells that differentiate into B and T cells.
- Immunocompetent but immature cells migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues.
Clonal Selection
- Selection and proliferation of specific B and T cells after exposure to antigens.
- Antigen presenting cells process and present antigens to immature lymphocytes.
- B cells become antibody-producing plasma cells; T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells.

Induction of the Immune Response

Antigen processing involves:
- Phagocytosis of foreign organisms by macrophages.
- Presentation of antigens on MHC Class II to T helper cells.
- T helper cells secrete IL-2, promoting lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation.

B Lymphocyte Response

Also known as the humoral response.
T helper cells activate B cells, which become plasma cells and produce antibodies.
Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins; antibodies are specific immunoglobulins.

Structure of Immunoglobulins

Fab Region: Contains antigen recognition sites, providing specificity.
Fc Region: Activates complement and informs inflammatory mediators of invasion.

Antibody Classes and Functions

IgM: Present during primary immune responses.
IgG: Dominant in secondary immune responses.
IgA: Found in secretions like tears and breast milk.
IgE: Linked to allergic responses.
Antibodies neutralize pathogens, facilitate phagocytosis, and trigger the complement cascade.

Primary and Secondary Immune Responses

Primary Response: Initial immunoglobulin production (IgM), around a 5-day latency.
Secondary Response: Rapid and amplified immunoglobulin production (IgG) upon subsequent exposure.

T Lymphocyte Response

Also known as the cellular response; includes:
- Cytotoxic T Cells (Tc): Directly attack infected cells.
- Memory T Cells (Tm): Induce secondary immune responses.
Other T cells include:
- Lymphokine-producing T cells (Td): Associated with delayed hypersensitivity.
- Regulatory T cells (Treg): Suppress activation of other immune cells.

Natural Killer Cells

Constitute around 10% of lymphocyte population.
Target virally infected or stressed cells, releasing interferon-gamma.

Vaccination

Stimulates protective immune response against pathogens via exposure to non-pathogenic forms.

Types of Traditional Vaccines

Inactivated: Killed microbes retain immunogenicity; multiple doses often needed.
Live Attenuated: Altered microbes with reduced infectivity; less frequently require boosters.
Toxoid: Inactivated toxins.
Subunit: Composed of microbial proteins/polysaccharides.
Conjugated: Polysaccharides coupled with proteins to enhance immune response.
Synthetic: Laboratory-formed antigens.

Types of Vaccines and Protection

Inactivated viruses/bacteria, live attenuated viruses/bacteria, toxoid, subunit, conjugate, synthetic vaccines offer varying forms of antibody responses.
DNA vaccines and viral vectors are in clinical trials for broader immune responses.

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Description

This quiz covers advanced concepts in immunology as part of the NURS 7053 course for DNP students. It explores the basic functions of the immune system, its role in health and disease, and its involvement in cancer surveillance. Understanding these concepts is crucial for advanced practice in healthcare.