Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the immune system?
What is the primary function of the immune system?
- To produce hormones for growth
- To facilitate digestion
- To prevent or eradicate infections (correct)
- To regulate body temperature
Which of the following best describes the inflammatory response?
Which of the following best describes the inflammatory response?
- Targets specific antigens only
- Slow and adaptive with high specificity
- Specific and memory-driven
- Rapid and nonspecific with no memory (correct)
What type of immunity is specifically linked to lymphocytes and antibodies?
What type of immunity is specifically linked to lymphocytes and antibodies?
- Passive immunity
- Adaptive immunity (correct)
- Nonspecific immunity
- Innate immunity
Which of the following is an example of a foreign antigen?
Which of the following is an example of a foreign antigen?
What directs the synthesis of HLA antigens?
What directs the synthesis of HLA antigens?
What is the primary function of lymphoid stem cells in the immune response?
What is the primary function of lymphoid stem cells in the immune response?
What is meant by 'clonal diversity' in the immune system?
What is meant by 'clonal diversity' in the immune system?
Where do lymphocytes become immunocompetent?
Where do lymphocytes become immunocompetent?
What occurs during clonal selection in the immune response?
What occurs during clonal selection in the immune response?
What is the role of secondary lymphoid tissues in the immune response?
What is the role of secondary lymphoid tissues in the immune response?
What is the primary immunoglobulin produced during a secondary immune response?
What is the primary immunoglobulin produced during a secondary immune response?
Which type of T lymphocyte is responsible for directly killing infected or cancer cells?
Which type of T lymphocyte is responsible for directly killing infected or cancer cells?
What is the role of Memory T cells in the immune system?
What is the role of Memory T cells in the immune system?
Which type of T lymphocyte is mainly responsible for delayed hypersensitivity reactions?
Which type of T lymphocyte is mainly responsible for delayed hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the primary effect of natural killer (NK) cells upon activation?
What is the primary effect of natural killer (NK) cells upon activation?
Which type of vaccine involves the use of killed virulent microbes?
Which type of vaccine involves the use of killed virulent microbes?
What is the primary function of regulatory T cells?
What is the primary function of regulatory T cells?
Which component predominantly stimulates the B lymphocyte response in traditional vaccines?
Which component predominantly stimulates the B lymphocyte response in traditional vaccines?
What process involves the selection and stimulation of immunocompetent B and T cells?
What process involves the selection and stimulation of immunocompetent B and T cells?
Which type of cell is responsible for producing antibodies in response to an antigen?
Which type of cell is responsible for producing antibodies in response to an antigen?
What do Th1 cells primarily stimulate in the immune response?
What do Th1 cells primarily stimulate in the immune response?
Which of the following antibodies is produced primarily in response to a secondary immune response?
Which of the following antibodies is produced primarily in response to a secondary immune response?
Which type of cells express foreign antigens on MHC Class II receptors to activate helper T cells?
Which type of cells express foreign antigens on MHC Class II receptors to activate helper T cells?
What initiates the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in the immune response?
What initiates the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in the immune response?
What is the main function of the Fc fragment of an antibody?
What is the main function of the Fc fragment of an antibody?
Which class of antibody is primarily involved in allergic responses?
Which class of antibody is primarily involved in allergic responses?
How are B and T memory cells useful in the immune response?
How are B and T memory cells useful in the immune response?
What is one characteristic of the primary immune response?
What is one characteristic of the primary immune response?
Which type of vaccine is made from inactivated bacterial toxins?
Which type of vaccine is made from inactivated bacterial toxins?
What is the main characteristic of synthetic vaccines?
What is the main characteristic of synthetic vaccines?
Which type of vaccine requires booster shots less frequently?
Which type of vaccine requires booster shots less frequently?
What type of immune response is primarily stimulated by conjugate vaccines?
What type of immune response is primarily stimulated by conjugate vaccines?
Which of the following vaccines is an example of a subunit vaccine?
Which of the following vaccines is an example of a subunit vaccine?
What risk is associated with live attenuated vaccines for specific populations?
What risk is associated with live attenuated vaccines for specific populations?
Which type of vaccine includes microbes treated to reduce their infectivity while retaining immunogenicity?
Which type of vaccine includes microbes treated to reduce their infectivity while retaining immunogenicity?
Which of the following is true about DNA vaccines?
Which of the following is true about DNA vaccines?
Study Notes
Basic Concepts in Immune Function
- Immune system prevents and eradicates infections.
- Plays a role in surveillance and destruction of cancer cells.
- Immune response can lead to cell injury and pathological inflammation.
- Recognizes and responds to tissue grafts.
Comparison of Inflammatory and Immune Responses
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Inflammatory Response (Innate Immunity)
- Rapid and nonspecific.
- No memory involved.
- Engages various cells: neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, eosinophils, and more.
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Immune Response (Adaptive Immunity)
- Slower and specific.
- Develops memory of pathogens.
- Involves lymphocytes (B and T cells) and antibodies.
- Can be induced through vaccination.
Antigens
- Molecules recognized by lymphocytes and antibodies.
- Foreign Antigens: Include viruses, bacteria, environmental allergens, foods, and drugs.
- Self-Antigens: Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) distinguishes self from non-self, found on most cells.
Overview of the Immune Response
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Divided into Generation of Clonal Diversity and Clonal Selection.
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Generation of Clonal Diversity
- Bone marrow produces lymphoid stem cells that differentiate into B and T cells.
- Immunocompetent but immature cells migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues.
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Clonal Selection
- Selection and proliferation of specific B and T cells after exposure to antigens.
- Antigen presenting cells process and present antigens to immature lymphocytes.
- B cells become antibody-producing plasma cells; T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells.
Induction of the Immune Response
- Antigen processing involves:
- Phagocytosis of foreign organisms by macrophages.
- Presentation of antigens on MHC Class II to T helper cells.
- T helper cells secrete IL-2, promoting lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation.
B Lymphocyte Response
- Also known as the humoral response.
- T helper cells activate B cells, which become plasma cells and produce antibodies.
- Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins; antibodies are specific immunoglobulins.
Structure of Immunoglobulins
- Fab Region: Contains antigen recognition sites, providing specificity.
- Fc Region: Activates complement and informs inflammatory mediators of invasion.
Antibody Classes and Functions
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IgM: Present during primary immune responses.
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IgG: Dominant in secondary immune responses.
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IgA: Found in secretions like tears and breast milk.
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IgE: Linked to allergic responses.
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Antibodies neutralize pathogens, facilitate phagocytosis, and trigger the complement cascade.
Primary and Secondary Immune Responses
- Primary Response: Initial immunoglobulin production (IgM), around a 5-day latency.
- Secondary Response: Rapid and amplified immunoglobulin production (IgG) upon subsequent exposure.
T Lymphocyte Response
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Also known as the cellular response; includes:
- Cytotoxic T Cells (Tc): Directly attack infected cells.
- Memory T Cells (Tm): Induce secondary immune responses.
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Other T cells include:
- Lymphokine-producing T cells (Td): Associated with delayed hypersensitivity.
- Regulatory T cells (Treg): Suppress activation of other immune cells.
Natural Killer Cells
- Constitute around 10% of lymphocyte population.
- Target virally infected or stressed cells, releasing interferon-gamma.
Vaccination
- Stimulates protective immune response against pathogens via exposure to non-pathogenic forms.
Types of Traditional Vaccines
- Inactivated: Killed microbes retain immunogenicity; multiple doses often needed.
- Live Attenuated: Altered microbes with reduced infectivity; less frequently require boosters.
- Toxoid: Inactivated toxins.
- Subunit: Composed of microbial proteins/polysaccharides.
- Conjugated: Polysaccharides coupled with proteins to enhance immune response.
- Synthetic: Laboratory-formed antigens.
Types of Vaccines and Protection
- Inactivated viruses/bacteria, live attenuated viruses/bacteria, toxoid, subunit, conjugate, synthetic vaccines offer varying forms of antibody responses.
- DNA vaccines and viral vectors are in clinical trials for broader immune responses.
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Description
This quiz covers advanced concepts in immunology as part of the NURS 7053 course for DNP students. It explores the basic functions of the immune system, its role in health and disease, and its involvement in cancer surveillance. Understanding these concepts is crucial for advanced practice in healthcare.
