Immunology and Lymphatic System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the two main types of immunity mentioned in the text?

  • Active and Passive
  • Humoral and Cell-mediated
  • Nonspecific and Specific (correct)
  • Inherited and Acquired

    • Which of the following is NOT a component of the lymphatic system?

  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Blood vessels (correct)
  • Red bone marrow
  • Lymph nodes

    • What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

  • To transport dietary lipids (correct)
  • To regulate body temperature
  • To filter waste products from the blood
  • To produce red blood cells

    • Innate immunity is characterized by which of the following?

    <p>First and second lines of defense (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about adaptive immunity is TRUE?

    <p>It is responsible for recognizing specific invaders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of lymphatic vessels?

    <p>To return excess interstitial fluid and proteins to the bloodstream (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a characteristic of lymphatic capillaries?

    <p>They permit interstitial fluid to flow out, but not in. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate daily volume of fluid that drains into lymphatic vessels?

    <p>3 liters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are lymphatic vessels essential for returning plasma proteins to the bloodstream?

    <p>Proteins are too large to be reabsorbed by blood capillaries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a principal lymph trunk?

    <p>Splenic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these cells are NOT found in the red pulp of the spleen?

    <p>Osteoblasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the white pulp in the spleen?

    <p>Immune surveillance and response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen?

    <p>Production of hormones that regulate blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body?

    <p>Spleen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components of the spleen is responsible for its structural support?

    <p>Stroma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells is NOT a product of clonal selection?

    <p>Red Blood Cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the 'effector cell' produced during clonal selection?

    <p>To eliminate or inactivate the antigen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of an antigen determines its ability to trigger an immune response?

    <p>Immunogenicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the effector cells after an immune response is complete?

    <p>They are destroyed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) antigens in the immune system?

    <p>To help T cells recognize foreign or self-antigens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the "diversity of antigen receptors" in the immune system?

    <p>The ability of the immune system to recognize and bind to a variety of different antigens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an epitope?

    <p>A specific region on an antigen that is recognized by the immune system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of memory cells in the adaptive immune response?

    <p>They allow for a faster and more efficient response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are involved in processing and presenting exogenous antigens?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of MHC-II molecules in exogenous antigen presentation?

    <p>MHC-II molecules bind to peptide fragments of exogenous antigens and present them to T cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between endogenous and exogenous antigens?

    <p>Endogenous antigens are found inside body cells, while exogenous antigens are found outside body cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CD4 and CD8 proteins in T cell activation?

    <p>CD4 and CD8 proteins bind to MHC-I and MHC-II molecules, respectively, to trigger T cell activation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of helper T cells in the immune response?

    <p>Helper T cells activate other immune cells, such as cytotoxic T cells and B cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of costimulation in T cell activation?

    <p>Costimulation ensures that T cells are activated only when there is a genuine threat to the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytotoxic T cells in the immune response?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between cytotoxic T cells and NK cells?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells are specific for a particular antigen, while NK cells can destroy a wide variety of infected cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main ways cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells release cytotoxic granules containing perforin and granzymes, which cause cell lysis and apoptosis, respectively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of memory B cells in the immune response?

    <p>Memory B cells provide a rapid response to a previously encountered antigen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the variable region of an antibody?

    <p>The variable region binds to specific epitopes on antigens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between plasma cells and memory B cells?

    <p>Plasma cells produce antibodies, while memory B cells do not. (C), Plasma cells are short-lived, while memory B cells are long-lived. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of antibodies?

    <p>Activating T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the complement system in antibody-mediated immunity?

    <p>The complement system helps in the removal of antibody-antigen complexes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct statement about immunological surveillance?

    <p>Immunological surveillance involves the activity of cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the flow of lymph through a lymph node?

    <p>Lymph enters through afferent lymphatic vessels and exits through efferent lymphatic vessels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT a component of the lymph node's stroma?

    <p>Lymphatic nodules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the germinal centers within lymph node follicles?

    <p>Proliferation of B cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells are primarily found in the inner cortex of a lymph node?

    <p>T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between lymph nodes and the lymphatic stream?

    <p>Lymph nodes are part of the lymphatic stream, serving as filtration points. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

    <p>Production of red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do macrophages contribute to the filtering function of lymph nodes?

    <p>Macrophages engulf and destroy microorganisms and debris. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what region of the lymph node would you expect to find a high concentration of antibody-producing plasma cells?

    <p>Medulla (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lymphatic System

    • The lymphatic system is composed of lymph, lymphatic vessels, structures, and organs containing lymphatic tissue, red bone marrow
    • It functions to drain excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipid, and carry out immune responses
    • Lymphatic vessels begin as lymphatic capillaries, which are closed at one end and resemble veins in structure but have thinner walls and more valves
    • Lymph flows through the lymphatic system in one direction, entering through afferent lymphatic vessels, traversing lymph nodes and sinuses (irregular channels), exiting via efferent lymphatic vessels
    • Lymphatic vessels pass through lymph nodes and encapsulated organs with masses of B and T cells
    • Lymph capillaries have a slightly larger diameter than blood capillaries, a unique one-way structure, and anchoring filaments that widen openings when interstitial fluid builds up
    • Lymph trunks and ducts collect the lymph from different regions of the body and drain it into venous blood
    • Two main channels, thoracic and right lymphatic, receive collected lymph from the trunks
    • Important components of the lymphatic system include lymph nodes, the spleen, lymphatic nodules, and the tonsils
    • Lymph nodes function as filters, removing foreign materials
    • The spleen filters blood and carries out immune function. The spleen is composed of white pulp, lymphatic tissue containing lymphocytes and macrophages, and red pulp, blood-filled venous sinuses, splenic cords, red blood cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and granulocytes.
    • Lymphatic nodules are scattered through lamina propria of mucous membranes lining the gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts, and are part of the mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue.

    Immunity

    • Immunity, either innate or adaptive, is the ability to ward off damage or disease through our defenses
    • Innate immunity ("non-specific") is present at birth and has no specific recognition of invaders or memory component. It has 1st and 2nd lines of defense.
    • Adaptive immunity ("specific") is acquired, recognizes foreign invaders specifically, and has a memory component
    • Two main types of cells participate in adaptive immunity:
    • T-cells: manage the immune response and attack/destroy foreign cells
    • B-cells: produce plasma cells, secreting antibodies that immobilize antigens
    • Other lymphoid cells:
      • Macrophages: phagocytize foreign substances
      • Dendritic cells: resemble macrophages and capture antigens
      • Reticular cells: fibroblast-like cells supporting other lymphoid cells

    Lymphoid Organs

    • Primary lymphatic organs produce immunocompetent cells (to produce a normal immune response): red bone marrow and thymus
    • Secondary lymphatic organs are locations where immune responses occur: lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules.

    Lymphatic Organs (details)

    • Thymus: Located in the thorax. Thymic lobes contain an outer cortex and inner medulla; cortex has densely packed lymphocytes and scattered macrophages; medulla contains fewer lymphocytes and Hassall's corpuscles
    • Lymph Nodes: Bean-shaped structures in lymphatic vessels; have a cortex and medulla. The cortex has lymphatic nodules where B-cells are; inner cortex has T cells and dendritic cells; medulla contains B-cells, plasma cells and macrophages
    • Spleen: Largest lymphatic tissue. Stroma (framework) is capsule, trabeculae, reticular fibers, and fibroblasts. Parenchyma is white pulp (lymphocytes and macrophages; B and T cells function) and red pulp (blood-filled venous sinuses, splenic cords; macrophages remove defective RBCs, storage of platelets)
    • Lymphatic nodules: Not encapsulated; found in lamina propria of mucous membranes of GI tract, respiratory tract, tonsils, Peyer's patches, appendix

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    Lymphatic System (PDF)

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the immune system and lymphatic system through these engaging questions. Explore key concepts such as innate and adaptive immunity, the functions of lymphatic vessels, and various components of the spleen. This quiz is designed to deepen your understanding of immunology and its associated systems.

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