Immunology and Lymphatic System Overview
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Immunology and Lymphatic System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is one reason why the movement of lymph is slower than blood circulation?

  • The lymphatic system has a built-in pump like the heart.
  • Lymphatic fluid is denser than blood.
  • The lymphatic system relies on mechanisms like muscular contractions rather than a heart. (correct)
  • Lymph fluid is primarily moved by respiration.

    • What type of circulation occurs when blood empties from the sheathed capillaries into the splenic cords?

  • Closed circulation
  • Open circulation (correct)
  • Systemic circulation
  • Pulmonary circulation

    • Which component of the complement system is responsible for recruiting inflammatory cells?

  • C5a (correct)
  • C3b
  • C4b
  • MAC complex

    • How does the complement cascade amplify its response?

    <p>The activation of one complement protein activates multiple others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do valves in the lymphatic vessels play?

    <p>They ensure unidirectional flow of lymph.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway of the complement cascade is initiated by the binding of antibodies to antigens?

    <p>Classical pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the MAC complex in the complement system?

    <p>It lyses pathogen cell membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lymphatic structure helps filter lymph and contains immune cells?

    <p>Lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does secretory component (SC) play in the function of sIgA?

    <p>It stabilizes the isotype against proteolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does IgA exhibit cross-reactive activity?

    <p>By targeting antigens that share similar sequences to initially detected antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of the IgA antibody configuration at the mucosal level?

    <p>It is structured as a dimer to resist proteolytic enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the sIgA2 isotype from other antibody isotypes?

    <p>It is resistant to proteolysis due to secretory component binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What benefit does mucosal IgA provide to the immune system?

    <p>It offers cross-immunity and herd protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what level does class-switching occur in B cells?

    <p>At the DNA level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of T cells can B cells activate after differentiation?

    <p>Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a receptor associated with immune cells?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do memory B cells develop?

    <p>From mature, activated B cells that receive pro-survival signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the VpreB gene play in B-cell differentiation?

    <p>It encodes a polypeptide chain associated with Ig-mu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily regulated by the interactions between B cells and effector T cells?

    <p>Class switching of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option represents what is unique about IgM and IgD in B cell activation?

    <p>They undergo alternative splicing of mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do memory B cells migrate after receiving pro-survival signals?

    <p>To the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main pathways of the complement system?

    <p>Classical, Alternative, and Lectin pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of C1-inhibitor in the complement system?

    <p>To inhibit the C1 complex activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a deficiency in C1-inhibitor?

    <p>Hereditary angioedema due to uncontrolled complement activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDCs) present antigens to B cells?

    <p>By binding to the Fc receptors without internalizing antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to B cells if they do not receive an intact antigen presentation from FDCs?

    <p>They undergo apoptosis and die</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

    <p>APCs present processed antigens primarily to T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is commonly associated with a deficiency in complement regulatory proteins?

    <p>Hereditary angioedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does CTLA-4 have on the immune response?

    <p>It downregulates the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of opsonins in the immune response?

    <p>To label pathogens for elimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does inflammation influence adaptive immunity?

    <p>It enhances antigen presentation to T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is activated by immune complexes involving antibodies?

    <p>Classical pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are memory T cells produced in relation to T cell activation?

    <p>After both T cell activation and differentiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shows that helper T cells are antigen-specific before encountering B cells?

    <p>They possess TCR that recognizes specific antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism do Tregs use to inhibit T cell activation?

    <p>By interacting with APCs via CTLA-4 and B7.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true regarding the activation of B cells?

    <p>B cell activation requires antigen presentation by T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a known pathway of the Complement System?

    <p>T cell pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Immune Cell Markers

    • C3, CD4, CD8, B7 (CD86, CD80), CD40, CD19, CD20, CD25, and CD56 are essential biomarkers in immune function.

    Lymphoid Tissue Interactions

    • B cells can activate effector T cells, but are less effective at activating naïve T cells.
    • Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) play a role in B cell differentiation without internalizing antigens.

    B Cell Development and Activation

    • Class switching occurs at the DNA level, except for IgM and IgD where it involves mRNA splicing.
    • Pre-B cells express a micromolecular complex for regulating Ig gene rearrangements during development.
    • Memory B cells arise from activated B cells that receive survival signals and migrate to the bone marrow.

    Lymphatic System Overview

    • The lymphatic system lacks a pump like the heart, resulting in slower lymph flow.
    • Lymph flows unidirectionally due to valves and muscular contractions in larger vessels.

    Spleen Circulation Types

    • Closed circulation involves direct blood flow from white pulp vessels to red pulp caps.
    • Open circulation allows blood to empty into spaces between reticular cells, later re-entering circulation.

    Complement System Fundamentals

    • The complement cascade can be triggered via alternative, classical, and lectin pathways.
    • Key products include C3a, C5a, C3b, C5b, and the MAC complex, which are involved in inflammation and phagocytosis.
    • C1-inhibitor regulates the complement system to prevent spontaneous activation, deficiencies can lead to hereditary angioedema.

    Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

    • FDCs present intact antigens to B cells for their differentiation into memory or plasma cells.
    • APCs, unlike FDCs, process antigens for T cell presentation.

    Memory T Cell Formation

    • Memory T cells are generated only after T cell activation and differentiation into specific subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17).

    Regulatory T Cells (Tregs)

    • Tregs inhibit T cell activation by interacting with APCs via CTLA-4 and can deplete B7 expression on APCs.

    Cytokines in Immunology

    • Understanding cytokine types and their receptors is crucial for grasping immune system interactions.

    Mucosal Immunity and IgA

    • IgA provides cross-reactive immunity and is resistant to proteolysis thanks to its secretory component.
    • At mucosal surfaces, IgA can cross-react with similar antigens, ensuring robust immune responses.

    Exam Preparation

    • Confidence in understanding of immunology concepts indicates readiness for examination.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key immune cell markers, B cell development, and lymphatic system functions. This quiz covers essential concepts including class switching, lymph flow mechanics, and the roles of various immune cells. Perfect for students studying immunology or related fields.

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