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Questions and Answers
Which type of hypersensitivity is associated with vasodilation and smooth muscle constriction?
What is the long-term treatment approach for immediate hypersensitivity (Type I) allergies?
Which type of hypersensitivity results in maximal response/reaction in 24-48 hours, with symptoms such as erythema, edema, and blistering?
In autoimmunity, what does the immune system attack?
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Which antibiotic inhibits DNA gyrase, preventing DNA packaging and unpacking in bacteria?
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What is the mechanism of action of Rifamycin?
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Which antiviral drug blocks reverse transcription that converts viral RNA genomes to DNA in retroviruses?
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Which drug inhibits synthesis of microtubules and is used to treat helminth infections?
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What is the primary target of Daptomycin, an antibiotic?
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What is the mechanism of action of Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)?
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Which drug inhibits viral protease required for viral protein processing?
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Which antibiotic inhibits the 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes?
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What is the primary target of Polymyxins, a membrane disruptor antibiotic?
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Which class of drugs inhibits the synthesis of folic acid, an essential component in nucleic acid synthesis?
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Which antibiotic inhibits the synthesis of fatty acids in bacteria?
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Which drug blocks hemoglobin metabolism in species of Plasmodium which cause malaria?
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What has the most supporting evidence as a cause of autoimmune disorders?
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Who is significantly more likely to develop autoimmune disorders?
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Which type of autoimmune disorders present specific challenges for treatment?
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What is the main challenge of general immunosuppression as a treatment for multi-organ/site autoimmune disorders?
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Which type of antibodies are emerging as attractive options for autoimmune disorder treatment?
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Which bacteria can cause superantigen shock?
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What can cause severe combined immune deficiency (SCID)?
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Which type of vaccines is the most effective tool for disease prevention?
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What are the advantages of nucleic acid vaccines such as DNA and mRNA vaccines?
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For which diseases are plant-based vaccines, using virus-like particles, in development?
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What does immunotherapy include?
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What is a challenge of anticancer therapies such as checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive T-cell transfer?
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Study Notes
Immunology and Immunotherapy: Key Facts and Developments
- The causes of autoimmune disorders are not fully understood, but genetic factors have the most supporting evidence.
- Women are significantly more likely than men to develop autoimmune disorders.
- Cell-mediated autoimmune disorders, such as Type 1 diabetes, and diseases caused by autoantibodies, like hyperthyroidism, present specific challenges for treatment.
- Treatments for autoimmunity vary; organ/site-specific disorders are easier to treat, while multi-organ/site disorders often require general immunosuppression, leaving patients vulnerable to infections.
- Monoclonal antibodies, such as anti-TNF-α antibodies, are emerging as attractive options for autoimmune disorder treatment.
- Superantigens can cause superantigen shock by activating a large fraction of T cells in the body, and examples include those produced by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
- Immunodeficiency can be genetic, as in the case of severe combined immune deficiency (SCID), or caused by infections, such as in AIDS, and treatments vary accordingly.
- Vaccines, including inactivated, attenuated, subunit, conjugate, nucleic acid, and plant-based vaccines, are the most effective tool for disease prevention.
- Nucleic acid vaccines, including DNA and mRNA vaccines, have advantages such as virtually zero risk of infection from the vaccine itself, but can be unstable.
- Plant-based vaccines, using virus-like particles, are in development for diseases such as rotavirus, hepatitis B, and West Nile virus.
- Immunotherapy includes anticancer vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T-cell transfer, and the role of the gut microbiome in cancer treatment.
- Anticancer therapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive T-cell transfer, pose challenges such as overcoming immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments and variations in treatment outcomes.
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Description
Test your knowledge of immunology and immunotherapy with this quiz covering key facts and recent developments. Explore topics such as autoimmune disorders, immunodeficiency, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, superantigens, and the latest in anticancer therapies.
