[PPT] Gastrointestinal Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What type of immune response is primarily involved in Crohn's disease?

  • Th1 type response (correct)
  • Th2 type response
  • Th17 type response
  • None of the above

    • Which type of immune response is primarily associated with ulcerative colitis?

  • Th2 type response (correct)
  • Th17 type response
  • Non-specific response
  • Th1 type response

    • What is a potential issue with conventional therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

  • It does not require monitoring
  • It may have severe side effects (correct)
  • It is always effective for all patients
  • It is less effective than surgery

    • Which cells are noted to contribute to both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis?

    <p>Th17 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional information is suggested to learn about gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

    <p>A pre-lecture video covers it in detail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that allows Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) to infect a host?

    <p>Presence of Hepatitis B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method used to assess liver fibrosis?

    <p>Blood pressure test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical stage of fibrosis is indicated by F4?

    <p>Cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of which enzyme is NOT typically associated with liver function tests?

    <p>C-Reactive Protein (CRP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of IgM antibodies in relation to viral infections?

    <p>They can control but not kill viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom indicative of advanced liver fibrosis?

    <p>Presence of liver scars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hepatitis virus type can be transmitted primarily through contaminated food and water?

    <p>Hepatitis A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used for liver tissue examination?

    <p>Biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are gallstones primarily composed of?

    <p>Cholesterol, bilirubin, and calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder?

    <p>Cholelithiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition refers to inflammation of the gallbladder?

    <p>Cholecystitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers biliary colic, especially after consuming fatty foods?

    <p>Stone irritation of bile ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the presence of stones in the common bile duct?

    <p>Choledocholithiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the formation of sludge in the gallbladder?

    <p>Thickened mucoprotein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which risk factor is associated with gallstone development?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is most likely associated with biliary colic?

    <p>Intermittent right upper quadrant pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT considered a contributing factor to the pathology of IBS?

    <p>High fiber diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major pathophysiological concept of Irritable Bowel Syndrome?

    <p>Visceral hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is commonly associated with IBS?

    <p>Abdominal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hallmark characteristic of diverticula?

    <p>Sac-like outpouchings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which alteration in IBS is associated with the brain-gut axis?

    <p>Altered motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about IBS is accurate?

    <p>IBS symptoms can include gas and bloating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common gastrointestinal symptom associated with IBS?

    <p>Mucous in stool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is more prone to developing diverticula?

    <p>Older adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a primary symptom of altered gut microbiota in IBS?

    <p>Diarrhea and/or constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a symptom of IBS?

    <p>Severe mood swings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the liver?

    <p>To help convert proteins into energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which liver function test enzyme indicates possible liver damage or disease due to a blocked bile duct?

    <p>Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of elevated conjugated bilirubin in the liver?

    <p>Liver's inability to conjugate bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is responsible for digesting fats in the pancreas?

    <p>Lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes acute pancreatitis from chronic pancreatitis?

    <p>Prolonged inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can trigger acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Mechanical obstruction of ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood component carries unconjugated bilirubin to the liver?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What composition of the immune landscape is predominant in chronic pancreatitis?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended screening method for individuals at average risk for colorectal cancer?

    <p>Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) every two years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age should asymptomatic individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer begin screening?

    <p>At 50 years of age or 10 years earlier than the age their relative was diagnosed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of a false positive stool test result?

    <p>Unnecessary treatment for colorectal cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests does the ColonCancerCheck program recommend against for colorectal cancer screening?

    <p>DNA tests (blood or stool)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of regular stool testing?

    <p>Reassures if the result is normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one limitation of regular stool tests?

    <p>They may not detect a polyp even if it is present (false negative)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency of screening recommended for individuals choosing flexible sigmoidoscopy?

    <p>Every 10 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding colorectal cancer screening recommendations?

    <p>Screening for increased risk starts based on family history criteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common symptom of duodenal ulcers?

    <p>Chronic, intermittent pain in the epigastric area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is used to specifically decrease acid production for peptic ulcer disease?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically relieves the pain associated with duodenal ulcers?

    <p>Ingestion of food or antacids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common characteristic of the pain associated with duodenal ulcers?

    <p>It often occurs at night and can wake the patient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological factor contributes to the development of peptic ulcers?

    <p>Increased acid and pepsin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis?

    <p>Development of pernicious anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT typically associated with chronic gastritis?

    <p>Familial history of gastritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do parietal cells play in the digestive system?

    <p>They produce intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a potential complication of peptic ulcer disease?

    <p>Acute pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic inflammation affect the gastric mucosa?

    <p>It leads to mucosal atrophy and epithelial metaplasia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers?

    <p>Infection with H. pylori and NSAID usage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects a characteristic of gastritis?

    <p>It can develop into peptic ulcer disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for developing chronic gastritis?

    <p>Ongoing NSAIDs use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of eradicating H.pylori in patients with peptic ulcer disease?

    <p>Reduction in ulcer recurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage in life do H.pylori infections typically begin?

    <p>Early childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the mucinase produced by H.pylori have on the stomach lining?

    <p>Degrades the mucous protective layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with chronic H.pylori infections?

    <p>Peptic ulcer disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ulcers are most commonly associated with H.pylori infections?

    <p>Duodenal ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does inflammation play in the pathology of H.pylori infections?

    <p>It damages the epithelial barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likelihood of developing peptic ulcer disease in patients with an H.pylori infection?

    <p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which VacA from H.pylori affects epithelial cells?

    <p>Increases permeability to ions and promotes apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

    <p>Sliding hiatal hernia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs in patients with GERD regarding the lower esophageal sphincter?

    <p>Reduced resting pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immediate symptoms do patients typically experience after eating, indicative of GERD?

    <p>Burning pain in the chest or upper abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of untreated gastroesophageal reflux disease?

    <p>Development of esophageal adenocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the type of epithelium replacement in Barrett’s esophagus?

    <p>Replacement by metaplastic columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a symptom associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease?

    <p>Frequent sneezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the acidic damage to the esophageal epithelium in GERD?

    <p>Absence of protective mucous layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is known to spontaneously resolve within a few days?

    <p>Acute gastritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lifestyle factor is commonly associated with the development of acute gastritis?

    <p>Excessive alcohol use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with acute gastritis?

    <p>Increased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic gastritis is more likely to occur in which age group?

    <p>Older adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can arise from chronic gastritis?

    <p>Esophageal erosions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which NSAIDs contribute to peptic ulcer disease?

    <p>They inhibit cyclo-oxygenase enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Helicobacter pylori adapt to the acidic environment of the stomach?

    <p>By burrowing into the mucosa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do prostaglandins play in the stomach?

    <p>They facilitate bicarbonate secretion and mucin production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential effect do NSAIDs have on the repair mechanisms of epithelial cells?

    <p>They impair repair mechanisms through anti-thrombotic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Helicobacter pylori's structure?

    <p>Spiral morphology with flagella.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of urease secretion by Helicobacter pylori?

    <p>It neutralizes stomach acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk factor is associated with the epithelial cell damage caused by NSAIDs?

    <p>Exposure to a more acidic environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the impact of NSAIDs on stomach lining health?

    <p>They expose epithelial cells to damage due to increased acidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is specific to gastric ulcers compared to duodenal ulcers?

    <p>Rapid onset of pain following a meal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene mutation is primarily associated with an increased risk of developing Crohn's disease?

    <p>NOD2/CARD15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of Crohn's disease related to inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Stricture formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with ulcerative colitis, which change to the intestinal mucosa is commonly observed?

    <p>Loss of goblet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of hepatitis is most likely to lead to chronic inflammation in the liver?

    <p>Hepatitis B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Gallstones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with severe liver disease due to hepatitis?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by skip lesions?

    <p>Crohn's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key risk factor for the development of gallstones?

    <p>Enzyme defect increasing cholesterol synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically the source of trauma that can contribute to pancreatitis?

    <p>Abdominal surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pathophysiological difference between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis?

    <p>Crohn's disease affects any segment of the GI tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common symptom is characteristic of chronic hepatitis?

    <p>Chronic fatigue and malaise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease, what immune cell change is noted?

    <p>Increased numbers of Th17 T helper cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gastrointestinal Disorders Module 5

    • The module covers various gastrointestinal disorders including their clinical course, pathophysiological mechanisms, and clinical manifestations.
    • Scheduled sessions include time-checks, module reviews, clinical consults, and practice quizzes.

    Wednesday, November 6th Schedule

    • 6:00-6:05: Time-check and Module 4 quiz review (5 minutes)
    • 6:05-6:30: Normal GI System overview including diarrhea, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, diverticulitis, appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease (25 minutes)
    • 6:35-6:55: Clinical Consult on GERD and H. Pylori (Gui Li, Lacey) (15 min + 5 min)
    • 7:00-7:20: Clinical Consult on NSAIDs' effect on the gut (Jaskirat Duhra, Jas) (15 min + 5 min)
    • 7:25-7:30: Wrap-up of GERD, Hiatus Hernia, Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease, H Pylori (5 minutes)
    • 7:30-7:45: Break
    • 7:45-8:05: Clinical Consult on Hepatitis B (Sandeep Kaur) (15 minutes)
    • 8:10-8:30: Hepatitis, Gallbladder, Pancreatic Disease, Gastrointestinal Cancers (20 minutes)
    • 8:30-8:45: Practice Quiz (15 minutes)
    • 8:50-9:00: Wrap-up (10 minutes)

    Thursday, November 7th Schedule

    • 10:00-10:10: Time-check (10 minutes)
    • 10:10-10:25: Normal GI System overview covering diarrhea, constipation, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Diverticulitis, Appendicitis (15 minutes)
    • 10:30-10:50: Clinical Consult on GERD and H. Pylori (Brandon Miller) (15 minutes + 5 minutes)
    • 10:55-11:15: Clinical Consult on NSAIDs' effect on the gut (Dana Bell) (15 minutes + 5 minutes)
    • 11:20-11:30: Wrap-up discussion on GERD, Hiatus Hernia, Gastritis, and Peptic Ulcer Disease, H. Pylori (10 minutes)
    • 11:30-11:45: Break
    • 11:45-12:05: Inflammatory Bowel Disease (mini quiz) (15 minutes)
    • 12:10-12:20: Gallbladder and Pancreatic Disease, Colorectal Cancers (20 minutes)
    • 12:25-12:45: Practice Quiz (15 minutes)
    • 12:45-13:00: Wrap-up (20 minutes)

    Pulmonary Hypertension Progression

    • Normal pulmonary artery systolic pressure is 20 mm Hg or less, and average pressure is 12 mm Hg.
    • A number of disease processes affect pulmonary circulation and increase pressure in pulmonary arteries and the right ventricle.
    • If these pressure elevations are severe or sustained, right-sided heart failure may develop.

    The Digestive System

    • The digestive system includes organs such as the parotid gland, submandibular salivary gland, pharynx, esophagus, diaphragm, transverse colon, hepatic flexure, ascending colon, ileum, cecum, vermiform appendix, rectum, tongue, sublingual salivary gland, larynx, trachea, stomach, liver, spleen, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and anal canal

    Functions of the GI System

    • The GI system carries out at least four major functions: digesting food, absorbing nutrients, secreting hormones, and defending against pathogens.

    Additional Learning Outcomes for Diarrhea, Constipation and IBS

    • Compare and contrast osmotic and secretory diarrhea.
    • Describe the pathophysiology of constipation.
    • Explain the hypothesized pathophysiological mechanisms and known clinical manifestations of irritable bowel syndrome.

    Mini Quiz - Diarrhea

    • Key characteristics of osmotic and secretory diarrhea
    • Causes of each type, including infectious agents and dietary factors
    • Additional information on celiac disease, antibiotics, reduced absorptive surface area, and bacterial toxins

    Diarrhea- examples of causes

    • Includes osmotic (certain foods, sugar substitutes, lactase deficiency, bacterial overgrowth) and secretory (bacterial toxins, reduced absorptive surface area, luminal secretagogues) causes of diarrhea.

    Vibrio Cholerae (Cholera)

    • Cholera toxin produced by V. cholerae binds to ganglioside receptors on intestinal epithelial cells.
    • This toxin triggers cyclic AMP (cAMP) production.
    • cAMP activates specific ion channels, causing ion efflux from the cell.
    • The buildup of ions in the intestinal lumen draws water from cells and tissues resulting in acute diarrhea.

    Other Gastrointestinal topics

    • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. Note: Pre-lecture video covered details.
    • Hiatal Hernias: Sliding and paraesophageal hiatal hernias.
    • Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD): Causes, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations. Note: Pre-lecture video covered details; subsequent slides for reference.
    • Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis: Autoimmune reaction against gastric parietal cells; intrinsic factor and HCI production causing pernicious anemia.
    • Hepatitis Clinical course and mechanisms of disease transmission of hepatitis A, B, C and D. Note: Pre-lecture video covered details; subsequent slides for reference.
    • IBD Includes the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease focusing on Crohn's and ulcerative colitis and the immune response to inflammation. Note: Pre-lecture video covered details.
    • Diverticulitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pathophysiological mechanisms, characteristics, and clinical manifestations. Note: pre-lecture video covered details.
    • Appendicitis: Inflammation of the vermiform appendix; common surgical emergency; the incidence in the United States; exact cause is debated.
    • Colon Cancer: Progression, symptoms, stages, risk factors, mechanisms of cancerous progression, blood supply, common treatments, and other clinical features.
    • Pancreatitis: Acute causes are premature activation of digestive enzymes, mechanical ductal obstruction, and systemic factors; chronic causes are prolonged inflammation, macrophage predominance, cellular stress, fibrosis, and acinar cell death.

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    Related Documents

    Module 5 GI Professor Student Version Final 2024 PDF
    Gastrointestinal Disorders Module 5 Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on immune responses related to inflammatory bowel diseases, liver fibrosis, and viral infections. This quiz covers critical concepts such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and the role of hepatitis viruses. Challenge your understanding of the immune system and liver function tests.

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