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Questions and Answers
What is the most common allergic response of the eye?
What is the most common allergic response of the eye?
- Allergic conjunctivitis (correct)
- Atopic dermatitis
- Food allergy
- Asthma
Anaphylactic shock is a mild allergic reaction.
Anaphylactic shock is a mild allergic reaction.
False (B)
What is the characteristic of perennial allergic conjunctivitis?
What is the characteristic of perennial allergic conjunctivitis?
Atopic patient
A family history of allergic reactions may include ______________.
A family history of allergic reactions may include ______________.
Match the following allergic reactions with their symptoms:
Match the following allergic reactions with their symptoms:
Allergic rhinitis is also known as hay fever.
Allergic rhinitis is also known as hay fever.
What is the characteristic of long-standing allergic conjunctivitis?
What is the characteristic of long-standing allergic conjunctivitis?
In allergic conjunctivitis, the conjunctiva may appear ______________.
In allergic conjunctivitis, the conjunctiva may appear ______________.
What is a crucial symptom that would make the diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis likely?
What is a crucial symptom that would make the diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis likely?
True or False: Myasthenia Gravis is an example of Type I hypersensitivity reaction.
True or False: Myasthenia Gravis is an example of Type I hypersensitivity reaction.
What is the primary function of Type II hypersensitivity?
What is the primary function of Type II hypersensitivity?
In Type II hypersensitivity, specific antibodies bind to ____________________ antigens.
In Type II hypersensitivity, specific antibodies bind to ____________________ antigens.
Match the following hypersensitivity reactions with their respective mechanisms:
Match the following hypersensitivity reactions with their respective mechanisms:
True or False: Corticosteroids are used to treat allergic conjunctivitis.
True or False: Corticosteroids are used to treat allergic conjunctivitis.
What is the differential diagnosis for allergic conjunctivitis?
What is the differential diagnosis for allergic conjunctivitis?
What is the primary goal of management in allergic conjunctivitis?
What is the primary goal of management in allergic conjunctivitis?
What is the result of antibodies against receptors of the nerves?
What is the result of antibodies against receptors of the nerves?
Antibodies formed against foreign red cells lead to destruction of red cells in the spleen.
Antibodies formed against foreign red cells lead to destruction of red cells in the spleen.
What is the mechanism of destruction of red cells in the spleen?
What is the mechanism of destruction of red cells in the spleen?
Type III hypersensitivity is also known as _____________ mediated hypersensitivity.
Type III hypersensitivity is also known as _____________ mediated hypersensitivity.
What is the result of rapid influx of antigen overwhelming the coping mechanisms?
What is the result of rapid influx of antigen overwhelming the coping mechanisms?
Antibody reacts to a soluble antigen to form a network of antigen:antibody complexes.
Antibody reacts to a soluble antigen to form a network of antigen:antibody complexes.
Match the following types of hypersensitivity with their descriptions:
Match the following types of hypersensitivity with their descriptions:
What is the management of antibody-directed against an antigen on the red cell surface?
What is the management of antibody-directed against an antigen on the red cell surface?
What is a characteristic of inflammation due to an allergic reaction?
What is a characteristic of inflammation due to an allergic reaction?
Dendritic cells in the cornea are responsible for antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Dendritic cells in the cornea are responsible for antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
What is the function of Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)?
What is the function of Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)?
Keratocytes secrete _______________, which have antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Keratocytes secrete _______________, which have antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Match the following components of the eye with their functions:
Match the following components of the eye with their functions:
What is the function of the orbital skeletal structure?
What is the function of the orbital skeletal structure?
Tears play a role in the immune response.
Tears play a role in the immune response.
How can eye infections be classified?
How can eye infections be classified?
Scleral immunology is characterized by the presence of dense fibrotic tissue and acid mucopolysaccharides.
Scleral immunology is characterized by the presence of dense fibrotic tissue and acid mucopolysaccharides.
What is the role of physical barriers in ocular immunity?
What is the role of physical barriers in ocular immunity?
What is the role of chemosis in an allergic reaction?
What is the role of chemosis in an allergic reaction?
The _____________ tract is part of the ocular immune system.
The _____________ tract is part of the ocular immune system.
Match the following components of ocular immunity:
Match the following components of ocular immunity:
What is the role of the haematologist in ocular immunity?
What is the role of the haematologist in ocular immunity?
Immune dysfunction can lead to immunodeficiency.
Immune dysfunction can lead to immunodeficiency.
What is the role of MHC class I in ocular immunity?
What is the role of MHC class I in ocular immunity?
What is the main function of the orbital skeletal structure in ocular immunity?
What is the main function of the orbital skeletal structure in ocular immunity?
Tears play a role in the immune response.
Tears play a role in the immune response.
What is the primary goal of management in allergic conjunctivitis?
What is the primary goal of management in allergic conjunctivitis?
The _____________ tract is part of the ocular immune system.
The _____________ tract is part of the ocular immune system.
Match the following components of ocular immunity with their functions:
Match the following components of ocular immunity with their functions:
What is a characteristic of allergic conjunctivitis?
What is a characteristic of allergic conjunctivitis?
Immune dysfunction can lead to immunodeficiency.
Immune dysfunction can lead to immunodeficiency.
What is the role of the haematologist in ocular immunity?
What is the role of the haematologist in ocular immunity?
What is the result of antibodies against receptors of the nerves?
What is the result of antibodies against receptors of the nerves?
Type III hypersensitivity is also known as immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity.
Type III hypersensitivity is also known as immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity.
What is the mechanism of destruction of red cells in the spleen?
What is the mechanism of destruction of red cells in the spleen?
Antibodies formed against foreign red cells lead to destruction of red cells in the _______________.
Antibodies formed against foreign red cells lead to destruction of red cells in the _______________.
What is the result of a rapid influx of antigen overwhelming the coping mechanisms?
What is the result of a rapid influx of antigen overwhelming the coping mechanisms?
Match the following hypersensitivity reactions with their respective mechanisms:
Match the following hypersensitivity reactions with their respective mechanisms:
Immune complexes are formed in Type II hypersensitivity.
Immune complexes are formed in Type II hypersensitivity.
What is the management of antibody-directed against an antigen on the red cell surface?
What is the management of antibody-directed against an antigen on the red cell surface?
What is the characteristic of inflammation due to an allergic reaction?
What is the characteristic of inflammation due to an allergic reaction?
Dendritic cells in the cornea are responsible for antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Dendritic cells in the cornea are responsible for antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
What is the function of Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)?
What is the function of Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)?
Keratocytes secrete ___________________, which have antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Keratocytes secrete ___________________, which have antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Match the following components of the eye with their functions:
Match the following components of the eye with their functions:
How can eye infections be classified?
How can eye infections be classified?
Scleral immunology is characterized by the presence of dense fibrotic tissue and acid mucopolysaccharides.
Scleral immunology is characterized by the presence of dense fibrotic tissue and acid mucopolysaccharides.
What is the result of chemosis in an allergic reaction?
What is the result of chemosis in an allergic reaction?
What is the severe form of an allergic reaction that can be fatal?
What is the severe form of an allergic reaction that can be fatal?
Allergic conjunctivitis is a Type II hypersensitivity reaction.
Allergic conjunctivitis is a Type II hypersensitivity reaction.
What is the crucial symptom that would make the diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis likely?
What is the crucial symptom that would make the diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis likely?
Type II hypersensitivity is also known as antibody-mediated hypersensitivity.
Type II hypersensitivity is also known as antibody-mediated hypersensitivity.
What is the common name for allergic rhinitis?
What is the common name for allergic rhinitis?
What is the primary function of Type II hypersensitivity?
What is the primary function of Type II hypersensitivity?
Atopic dermatitis is also known as _______________.
Atopic dermatitis is also known as _______________.
Match the following allergic reactions with their symptoms:
Match the following allergic reactions with their symptoms:
In Type II hypersensitivity, specific antibodies bind to _______________ antigens.
In Type II hypersensitivity, specific antibodies bind to _______________ antigens.
What is the differential diagnosis for allergic conjunctivitis?
What is the differential diagnosis for allergic conjunctivitis?
What is the primary symptom of allergic conjunctivitis?
What is the primary symptom of allergic conjunctivitis?
What is the primary goal of management in allergic conjunctivitis?
What is the primary goal of management in allergic conjunctivitis?
Corticosteroids are used to treat allergic conjunctivitis.
Corticosteroids are used to treat allergic conjunctivitis.
Food allergy can cause anaphylactic shock.
Food allergy can cause anaphylactic shock.
Match the following hypersensitivity reactions with their mechanisms:
Match the following hypersensitivity reactions with their mechanisms:
What is the primary goal of management in allergic conjunctivitis?
What is the primary goal of management in allergic conjunctivitis?
Study Notes
Type I Hypersensitivity
- Allergic reactions: allergic rhinitis (hay fever), asthma, atopic dermatitis (eczema), and food allergy
- Symptoms: vary, mild (urticaria), severe (anaphylactic shock)
- Allergic conjunctivitis: most common allergic response of the eye
- Clinical picture: symptoms (itching, tearing, foreign body sensation, redness, photophobia), signs (oedema, conjunctiva/eyelid, prominent blood vessels, atopic patients)
Type I Hypersensitivity and the Eye
- Allergic conjunctivitis: differential diagnosis (bacterial, viral conjunctivitis), management (avoid allergen, topical treatment, antihistamines, mast cell stabilisers, corticosteroids)
- Pathophysiology: destruction of red cell in spleen by macrophages, antibodies against receptors of the nerves, leads to "fatigue" of the nerve and paralysis of the muscle
Type II Hypersensitivity
- Antibody-mediated hypersensitivity: specific antibodies bind to cell surface antigens (IgM and/or IgG)
- Physiological functions: elimination of unwanted organisms, removal of potential malignant cells
- Clinical examples: autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, myasthenia gravis
- Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC): complement activation, ADCC, and phagocytosis
Type III Hypersensitivity
- Immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity: rapid influx of antigen overwhelms coping mechanisms
- Deposition of immune complexes on vessel walls/tissue, leads to damage by complement or neutrophils
- Local or systemic effects: local (farmers lung), systemic (certain autoimmune diseases, e.g. asthma, rhinitis)
Ocular Immunity
- Physical barriers: orbital skeletal structure minimises potential trauma
- Tears: play a role in ocular defence mechanisms
- Conjunctival immune response: dendritic cells, keratocytes, corneal nerves
- Uveal tract: dense fibrotic tissue, acid mucopolysaccharides
Acquired Immune Responses
- Dendritic cells in the cornea: antigen-presenting cells, lead to cell-mediated immune response
- Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT): contains CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, and abundant IgA immunoglobulins
- Corneal nerves: reflexive movements to protect the eye, sensations of discomfort and pain### Features of Inflammation/Allergic Reaction
- Redness occurs due to dilated vessels
- Chemosis, or swelling, is a characteristic feature
Immune Response in the Cornea
- Dendritic cells in the cornea act as antigen-presenting cells, leading to a cell-mediated immune response
- Keratocytes secrete defensins, which have antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and accelerate epithelial healing
Other Protective Measures
- Corneal nerves trigger reflexive movements to protect the eye and transmit sensations of discomfort and pain
- Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT) contains CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, and abundant IgA immunoglobulins
Complement System
- Complement is concentrated in the peripheral cornea and can be activated through either the classical or alternate pathway
Scleral Immunology
- The sclera is composed of dense fibrotic tissue and acid mucopolysaccharides
Ocular Infections
- Ocular infections can be classified according to the infectious organism involved or the structure within the eye that is affected
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Description
Learn about the different types of allergic reactions, including allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and their varying symptoms. Test your knowledge of type I hypersensitivity and its effects on the body.
