Immunology and Allergic Reactions
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What is the most common allergic response of the eye?

  • Allergic conjunctivitis (correct)
  • Atopic dermatitis
  • Food allergy
  • Asthma

    • Anaphylactic shock is a mild allergic reaction.

    False

    What is the characteristic of perennial allergic conjunctivitis?

    Atopic patient

    A family history of allergic reactions may include ______________.

    <p>other allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following allergic reactions with their symptoms:

    <p>Urticaria = Large, itchy red swellings all over body Anaphylactic shock = May be fatal Allergic conjunctivitis = Itching, tearing, and redness Atopic dermatitis = Dry, scaly skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Allergic rhinitis is also known as hay fever.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of long-standing allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>Permanent changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In allergic conjunctivitis, the conjunctiva may appear ______________.

    <p>oedematous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial symptom that would make the diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis likely?

    <p>Itching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: Myasthenia Gravis is an example of Type I hypersensitivity reaction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Type II hypersensitivity?

    <p>Elimination of unwanted organisms and removal of potential malignant cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Type II hypersensitivity, specific antibodies bind to ____________________ antigens.

    <p>cell surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hypersensitivity reactions with their respective mechanisms:

    <p>Type I hypersensitivity = Allergic reactions Type II hypersensitivity = Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity Myasthenia Gravis = Autoimmune disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: Corticosteroids are used to treat allergic conjunctivitis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the differential diagnosis for allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>Bacterial conjunctivitis and viral conjunctivitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of management in allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>Avoid allergen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of antibodies against receptors of the nerves?

    <p>Fatigue of the nerve and paralysis of the muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibodies formed against foreign red cells lead to destruction of red cells in the spleen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of destruction of red cells in the spleen?

    <p>Destruction of red cells in the spleen by macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type III hypersensitivity is also known as _____________ mediated hypersensitivity.

    <p>immune-complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of rapid influx of antigen overwhelming the coping mechanisms?

    <p>Deposition of immune complexes on vessel walls/tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibody reacts to a soluble antigen to form a network of antigen:antibody complexes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of hypersensitivity with their descriptions:

    <p>Type III hypersensitivity = Deposition of immune complexes on vessel walls/tissue Incompatible transfusion = Destruction of red cells in the spleen by macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the management of antibody-directed against an antigen on the red cell surface?

    <p>Immunosuppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of inflammation due to an allergic reaction?

    <p>Redness due to dilated vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dendritic cells in the cornea are responsible for antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)?

    <p>CALT contains CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, and abundant IgA immunoglobulins, leading to a cell-mediated immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Keratocytes secrete _______________, which have antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

    <p>defensins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the eye with their functions:

    <p>Corneal nerves = Reflexive movements to protect the eye Keratocytes = Antigen-presenting cells Dendritic cells = Secrete defensins Complement = Acceleration of epithelial healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the orbital skeletal structure?

    <p>To minimize potential trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tears play a role in the immune response.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can eye infections be classified?

    <p>According to the infectious organism involved or the affected structure within the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scleral immunology is characterized by the presence of dense fibrotic tissue and acid mucopolysaccharides.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of physical barriers in ocular immunity?

    <p>To prevent pathogens from entering the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chemosis in an allergic reaction?

    <p>Chemosis, or swelling, is a characteristic of inflammation due to an allergic reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____________ tract is part of the ocular immune system.

    <p>uveal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of ocular immunity:

    <p>Cornea = Physical barrier against pathogens Conjunctiva = Mucous membrane that helps to flush out pathogens Tears = Contain enzymes that break down pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the haematologist in ocular immunity?

    <p>To diagnose and treat blood disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immune dysfunction can lead to immunodeficiency.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of MHC class I in ocular immunity?

    <p>To recognize and present antigens to T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the orbital skeletal structure in ocular immunity?

    <p>To minimize potential trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tears play a role in the immune response.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of management in allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>To reduce symptoms and prevent complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____________ tract is part of the ocular immune system.

    <p>Uveal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of ocular immunity with their functions:

    <p>Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT) = Responsible for tear production Cornea = Responsible for antimicrobial activity Tears = Provides physical barrier function Orbital skeletal structure = Regulates chemosis in allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>Inflammation due to an allergic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immune dysfunction can lead to immunodeficiency.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the haematologist in ocular immunity?

    <p>To diagnose and manage immune-related disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of antibodies against receptors of the nerves?

    <p>Fatigue of the nerve and paralysis of the muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type III hypersensitivity is also known as immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of destruction of red cells in the spleen?

    <p>Destruction of red cells by macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibodies formed against foreign red cells lead to destruction of red cells in the _______________.

    <p>spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a rapid influx of antigen overwhelming the coping mechanisms?

    <p>Local or systemic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hypersensitivity reactions with their respective mechanisms:

    <p>Type II = Antibody directed against an antigen on the red cell surface Type III = Deposition of immune complexes on vessel walls Type I = Anaphylaxis Type IV = Cell-mediated immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immune complexes are formed in Type II hypersensitivity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the management of antibody-directed against an antigen on the red cell surface?

    <p>Immunosuppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of inflammation due to an allergic reaction?

    <p>Redness due to dilated vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dendritic cells in the cornea are responsible for antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)?

    <p>Antigen-presenting cells, leading to cell-mediated immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Keratocytes secrete ___________________, which have antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

    <p>defensins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the eye with their functions:

    <p>Corneal nerves = Reflexive movements to protect the eye Keratocytes = Secrete defensins Dendritic cells = Antigen-presenting cells Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT) = Accelerate epithelial healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can eye infections be classified?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scleral immunology is characterized by the presence of dense fibrotic tissue and acid mucopolysaccharides.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of chemosis in an allergic reaction?

    <p>Swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the severe form of an allergic reaction that can be fatal?

    <p>Anaphylactic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Allergic conjunctivitis is a Type II hypersensitivity reaction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crucial symptom that would make the diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis likely?

    <p>Itching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type II hypersensitivity is also known as antibody-mediated hypersensitivity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common name for allergic rhinitis?

    <p>Hay fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Type II hypersensitivity?

    <p>Elimination of unwanted organisms and removal of potential malignant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atopic dermatitis is also known as _______________.

    <p>Eczema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following allergic reactions with their symptoms:

    <p>Urticaria = Large, itchy red swellings all over the body Anaphylactic shock = May be fatal Allergic rhinitis = Runny nose, sneezing, and itchy eyes Atopic dermatitis = Dry, itchy, and scaly skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Type II hypersensitivity, specific antibodies bind to _______________ antigens.

    <p>cell surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the differential diagnosis for allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>Bacterial conjunctivitis and Viral conjunctivitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of management in allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>To reduce symptoms and prevent long-term complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Corticosteroids are used to treat allergic conjunctivitis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Food allergy can cause anaphylactic shock.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hypersensitivity reactions with their mechanisms:

    <p>Type II hypersensitivity = Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) Type I hypersensitivity = Antibody-mediated reaction Type III hypersensitivity = Complement activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of management in allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>Avoid allergen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Type I Hypersensitivity

    • Allergic reactions: allergic rhinitis (hay fever), asthma, atopic dermatitis (eczema), and food allergy
    • Symptoms: vary, mild (urticaria), severe (anaphylactic shock)
    • Allergic conjunctivitis: most common allergic response of the eye
    • Clinical picture: symptoms (itching, tearing, foreign body sensation, redness, photophobia), signs (oedema, conjunctiva/eyelid, prominent blood vessels, atopic patients)

    Type I Hypersensitivity and the Eye

    • Allergic conjunctivitis: differential diagnosis (bacterial, viral conjunctivitis), management (avoid allergen, topical treatment, antihistamines, mast cell stabilisers, corticosteroids)
    • Pathophysiology: destruction of red cell in spleen by macrophages, antibodies against receptors of the nerves, leads to "fatigue" of the nerve and paralysis of the muscle

    Type II Hypersensitivity

    • Antibody-mediated hypersensitivity: specific antibodies bind to cell surface antigens (IgM and/or IgG)
    • Physiological functions: elimination of unwanted organisms, removal of potential malignant cells
    • Clinical examples: autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, myasthenia gravis
    • Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC): complement activation, ADCC, and phagocytosis

    Type III Hypersensitivity

    • Immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity: rapid influx of antigen overwhelms coping mechanisms
    • Deposition of immune complexes on vessel walls/tissue, leads to damage by complement or neutrophils
    • Local or systemic effects: local (farmers lung), systemic (certain autoimmune diseases, e.g. asthma, rhinitis)

    Ocular Immunity

    • Physical barriers: orbital skeletal structure minimises potential trauma
    • Tears: play a role in ocular defence mechanisms
    • Conjunctival immune response: dendritic cells, keratocytes, corneal nerves
    • Uveal tract: dense fibrotic tissue, acid mucopolysaccharides

    Acquired Immune Responses

    • Dendritic cells in the cornea: antigen-presenting cells, lead to cell-mediated immune response
    • Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT): contains CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, and abundant IgA immunoglobulins
    • Corneal nerves: reflexive movements to protect the eye, sensations of discomfort and pain### Features of Inflammation/Allergic Reaction
    • Redness occurs due to dilated vessels
    • Chemosis, or swelling, is a characteristic feature

    Immune Response in the Cornea

    • Dendritic cells in the cornea act as antigen-presenting cells, leading to a cell-mediated immune response
    • Keratocytes secrete defensins, which have antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and accelerate epithelial healing

    Other Protective Measures

    • Corneal nerves trigger reflexive movements to protect the eye and transmit sensations of discomfort and pain
    • Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT) contains CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, and abundant IgA immunoglobulins

    Complement System

    • Complement is concentrated in the peripheral cornea and can be activated through either the classical or alternate pathway

    Scleral Immunology

    • The sclera is composed of dense fibrotic tissue and acid mucopolysaccharides

    Ocular Infections

    • Ocular infections can be classified according to the infectious organism involved or the structure within the eye that is affected

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    Description

    Learn about the different types of allergic reactions, including allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and their varying symptoms. Test your knowledge of type I hypersensitivity and its effects on the body.

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