Immunohematology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of immunohematology?

  • Analysis of coagulation factors
  • Study of human blood groups (correct)
  • Evaluation of blood components
  • Testing for viral infections in blood

    • Which of the following blood types contains neither A nor B antigens on red blood cells?

  • Type AB
  • Type O (correct)
  • Type B
  • Type A

    • What is the purpose of reverse grouping in blood testing?

  • To evaluate hemoglobin levels
  • To determine blood group antigens
  • To identify donor compatibility
  • To test for the presence of blood group antibodies (correct)

    • What does the apheresis process involve?

    <p>Separation of blood components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization issues the standards for blood banking?

    <p>American Association of Blood Banks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is NOT typically used in serological testing?

    <p>Western blot analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in serological testing?

    <p>Collect the sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood group has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies present in the serum?

    <p>Type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity do B lymphocytes primarily provide?

    <p>Humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes T lymphocytes?

    <p>They are involved in cell-mediated immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of immunoglobulins?

    <p>To act as antibodies in the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an acquired immunodeficiency?

    <p>Systemic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the precipitation process involve?

    <p>Forming an insoluble complex with antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind nephelometry?

    <p>It uses light scattering to identify particle suspensions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is classified as an autoimmune disease?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does complement fixation measure?

    <p>Reactivity of an antigen-antibody reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of control contains known antigens or antibodies?

    <p>Positive control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method uses fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies to detect a signal?

    <p>Immunofluorescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the blocking agent in the ELISA procedure?

    <p>To prevent non-specific binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a positive result in agglutination tests?

    <p>Visible clumping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the ELISA testing process?

    <p>Coating with antigens or antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Bloodborne Pathogen standard issued by OSHA?

    <p>To reduce or eliminate occupational exposure to HIV, HCV, and HBV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of control involves modifications in how tasks are performed to lower exposure risks?

    <p>Work practice controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concentration of alcohol is most effective against bacteria and some viruses?

    <p>70-90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agent is particularly effective for disinfecting surfaces against viruses?

    <p>10% chlorine bleach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does OPIM stand for in the context of safety guidelines?

    <p>Other Potentially Infectious Materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard?

    <p>The labeling of containers with hazard warnings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method employs steam under pressure for sterilization purposes?

    <p>Autoclaving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are engineering controls designed to do in a healthcare setting?

    <p>Eliminate or minimize worker exposure to hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a negative result in an agglutination test?

    <p>Absence of clumping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is important to document when reporting results of a test?

    <p>Test findings and relevant patient details</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure is recommended in cases of ambiguous test results?

    <p>Re-testing or confirmation tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is routine quality control (QC) important in test procedures?

    <p>To validate that test systems are functioning correctly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do 'sensitivity' and 'specificity' measure in serological tests?

    <p>Detection of true positives and true negatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In urinalysis, what is the normal color of urine?

    <p>Pale yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be detected using microscopic examination in urinalysis?

    <p>Crystals and casts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the kidneys in the body?

    <p>Elimination of metabolic and toxic waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating water reabsorption in the kidneys?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average total amount of urine excreted by healthy adults each day?

    <p>1-2 L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a normal urinalysis result concerning the presence of glucose?

    <p>Glycosuria indicates high blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical characteristic would indicate the presence of hematuria in urine?

    <p>Cloudy-red urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a standard part of urine testing?

    <p>Bacterial culture without a clean-catch specimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition might result in urine that has a fruity odor?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances in urine is indicated as negative in normal conditions?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a normal specific gravity range in urine indicate?

    <p>Kidneys' ability to concentrate urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to cloudiness in urine, indicating a possible infection?

    <p>Leukocyte Esterase presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?

    <p>Stimulates red blood cell synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might cause urine to appear brown or black?

    <p>Acidic urine with hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should urine specimens be stored if they cannot be examined immediately?

    <p>In a lidded container at 4-6 degrees Celsius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average pH range of normal urine?

    <p>4.5-8.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Clinical Lab Professions

    • Clinical laboratory professionals play crucial roles in diagnosing diseases
    • Phlebotomists collect blood samples
    • They require a high school diploma, formal training, and certification
    • Medical Laboratory Technicians (MLTs) conduct routine lab tests under supervision.
    • MLTs require an associate degree and certification (e.g., ASCP or AMT)
    • Clinical Laboratory Scientists (CLSs) perform advanced testing, interpret results, and supervise lab staff.
    • CLSs need a bachelor's degree and certification
    • Pathologists are medical doctors specializing in diagnosing diseases through lab tests.

    Professional Organizations/Agencies

    • ASCP: Certifies lab professionals and sets standards.
    • NAACLS (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards): Accredits educational programs for lab professions.
    • CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute): Develops standards of best practice for clinical laboratory procedures.
    • CLIA (Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, 1988): Sets minimum performance standards for all clinical laboratories.
    • Labs can perform waived tests, moderate and high complexity tests, and PPMP (provider-performed microscopy procedures).

    Biological Safety

    • Covers procedures to maintain safety and prevent contamination in laboratories.
    • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) includes gloves, goggles, lab coats, face shields, and respirators.
    • Disinfection removes most microbes using chemicals like 10% bleach.
    • Disinfectants are for inanimate objects, while antiseptics are for skin or tissue.
    • Sterilization eliminates all microbes, such as autoclaving.
    • In 1996, the CDC issued standard precautions for health care workers.
    • Standard precautions include guidelines for controlling nosocomial infections and protecting healthcare workers.
    • Employers are required to have an exposure control plan for potentially infectious materials (OPIM).
    • Engineering controls reduce exposure by altering how a task is performed.

    OSHA Laboratory Safety Guidelines

    • OSHA's regulations ensure safe work environments in laboratories.
    • Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) requires labeling containers with hazard warnings and providing safety data sheets (SDSs).
    • Workers must be trained on labels and SDSs.
    • Bloodborne Pathogens Standard protects employees from exposure to infectious materials.
    • Exposure Control Plans detail procedures to minimize exposure.
    • Sharps Safety involves using needleless systems or engineered safety features for sharps.
    • Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) promotes safe handling and use of chemicals in lab settings.
    • Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) provide written procedures for safe use of chemicals.
    • Engineering controls, such as fume hoods and ventilation, reduce exposure.
    • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be appropriate, maintained, and worn correctly.

    Emergency Action Plans

    • Clear evacuation procedures are needed for fire, chemical spills, or other emergencies.
    • Access to emergency showers, eyewash stations, and fire extinguishers is crucial.
    • The CDC emphasizes biosafety in handling infectious agents and biological materials.
    • Laboratories are categorized into four biosafety levels (BSLs) concerning the agents handled.
    • BSL-1 has low risk and uses standard microbiological practices.
    • BSL-2 has moderate risk and uses PPE and restricted access.
    • BSL-3 has high risk and requires controlled access, respiratory protection, and specialized ventilation.
    • BSL-4 has maximum risk and involves working with life-threatening agents like Ebola.

    Hand Hygiene

    • Wash hands after removing gloves, handling infectious materials, and leaving the lab.
    • Use alcohol-based hand sanitizers when soap and water aren't available.

    Spill Cleanup

    • Procedures for cleaning up small (less than 100 mL) spills include wearing PPE, restricting access, containing liquids or solids, and decontaminating with 10% bleach.
    • For larger spills, immediate evacuation and notification of the safety officer or emergency response team are critical.

    Laboratory Math

    • Covers dilutions, unit conversions, molarity, and normality for solution preparation, calculations, and interpreting lab results.
    • Calculations are vital for making solutions of the proper concentration.

    Hematology & Hemostasis

    • Covers blood components and clotting mechanisms.
    • Includes preparing and staining blood smears.

    Blood Morphology

    • Wright's stain is a polychromatic stain, combined with methylene blue (BASE blue), eosin (ACID red/orange), and methanol (fixative).
    • A properly stained smear appears pinkish-blue under a microscope.

    Blood Morphology

    • Feathered edge of the smear should be located with 10X and examined with oil-immersion objective.

    Hematological Tests

    • Complete Blood Count (CBC) measures RBCs, WBCs, hemoglobin, and platelets.
    • Peripheral Blood Smear examines blood cell morphology.
    • Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways are activated by different triggers in the body.

    Hemostasis

    • Coagulation factors are plasma proteins that ultimately form a fibrin clot for stopping the loss of blood from a vessel.
    • Coagulation cascade is a process of multiple steps that work together to turn prothrombin into thrombin and eventually fibrin.
    • Common factors like fibrinogen, prothrombin, calcium, are required for the process.

    Blood Grouping

    • ABO blood grouping is based on the presence or absence of two blood group antigens (A and B) on red blood cells.
    • Antibodies in the serum react to the antigens on the blood cells.

    Urinalysis

    • Analyzes physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine.
    • Physical properties include color, clarity, and odor.
    • Chemical analysis evaluates substances like glucose, ketones, proteins, and pH.
    • Microscopic examination identifies crystals, casts, and cells.

    Clinical Chemistry

    • Focuses on biochemical analysis of body fluids, using serum for analysis.
    • Key areas include electrolytes, glucose, liver function tests, and kidney function tests.

    Clinical Microbiology

    • Studies microorganisms and their identification.
    • Staining techniques such as Gram staining (to differentiate bacteria) and acid-fast staining (to identify mycobacteria).
    • Culture methods are used in the isolation and identification of microorganisms.

    Serological Tests

    • ELISA and Western blot are two types of serological tests that help identify or quantify antibodies or antigens in sample blood.

    Parasitology

    • Examines parasitic organisms and their lifecycles.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on immunohematology with this quiz that covers various key concepts including blood types, serological testing, and immune responses. Perfect for students and professionals in the field of blood banking and immunology.

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