Immunohematology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of immunohematology?

  • Analysis of coagulation factors
  • Study of human blood groups (correct)
  • Evaluation of blood components
  • Testing for viral infections in blood

Which of the following blood types contains neither A nor B antigens on red blood cells?

  • Type AB
  • Type O (correct)
  • Type B
  • Type A

What is the purpose of reverse grouping in blood testing?

  • To evaluate hemoglobin levels
  • To determine blood group antigens
  • To identify donor compatibility
  • To test for the presence of blood group antibodies (correct)

What does the apheresis process involve?

<p>Separation of blood components (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization issues the standards for blood banking?

<p>American Association of Blood Banks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is NOT typically used in serological testing?

<p>Western blot analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in serological testing?

<p>Collect the sample (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood group has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies present in the serum?

<p>Type O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity do B lymphocytes primarily provide?

<p>Humoral immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes T lymphocytes?

<p>They are involved in cell-mediated immunity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of immunoglobulins?

<p>To act as antibodies in the immune response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an acquired immunodeficiency?

<p>Systemic disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the precipitation process involve?

<p>Forming an insoluble complex with antibodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle behind nephelometry?

<p>It uses light scattering to identify particle suspensions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is classified as an autoimmune disease?

<p>Type 1 diabetes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does complement fixation measure?

<p>Reactivity of an antigen-antibody reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of control contains known antigens or antibodies?

<p>Positive control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method uses fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies to detect a signal?

<p>Immunofluorescence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the blocking agent in the ELISA procedure?

<p>To prevent non-specific binding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a positive result in agglutination tests?

<p>Visible clumping (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the ELISA testing process?

<p>Coating with antigens or antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Bloodborne Pathogen standard issued by OSHA?

<p>To reduce or eliminate occupational exposure to HIV, HCV, and HBV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of control involves modifications in how tasks are performed to lower exposure risks?

<p>Work practice controls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concentration of alcohol is most effective against bacteria and some viruses?

<p>70-90% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which agent is particularly effective for disinfecting surfaces against viruses?

<p>10% chlorine bleach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does OPIM stand for in the context of safety guidelines?

<p>Other Potentially Infectious Materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard?

<p>The labeling of containers with hazard warnings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method employs steam under pressure for sterilization purposes?

<p>Autoclaving (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are engineering controls designed to do in a healthcare setting?

<p>Eliminate or minimize worker exposure to hazards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a negative result in an agglutination test?

<p>Absence of clumping (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is important to document when reporting results of a test?

<p>Test findings and relevant patient details (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure is recommended in cases of ambiguous test results?

<p>Re-testing or confirmation tests (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is routine quality control (QC) important in test procedures?

<p>To validate that test systems are functioning correctly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do 'sensitivity' and 'specificity' measure in serological tests?

<p>Detection of true positives and true negatives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In urinalysis, what is the normal color of urine?

<p>Pale yellow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be detected using microscopic examination in urinalysis?

<p>Crystals and casts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the kidneys in the body?

<p>Elimination of metabolic and toxic waste products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating water reabsorption in the kidneys?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average total amount of urine excreted by healthy adults each day?

<p>1-2 L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a normal urinalysis result concerning the presence of glucose?

<p>Glycosuria indicates high blood glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physical characteristic would indicate the presence of hematuria in urine?

<p>Cloudy-red urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a standard part of urine testing?

<p>Bacterial culture without a clean-catch specimen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition might result in urine that has a fruity odor?

<p>Diabetes mellitus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances in urine is indicated as negative in normal conditions?

<p>Glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a normal specific gravity range in urine indicate?

<p>Kidneys' ability to concentrate urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can lead to cloudiness in urine, indicating a possible infection?

<p>Leukocyte Esterase presence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?

<p>Stimulates red blood cell synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might cause urine to appear brown or black?

<p>Acidic urine with hemoglobin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should urine specimens be stored if they cannot be examined immediately?

<p>In a lidded container at 4-6 degrees Celsius (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average pH range of normal urine?

<p>4.5-8.0 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Standard Precautions

A set of safety guidelines for healthcare workers to prevent nosocomial infections and protect themselves.

Contact Precautions

A type of precaution that covers infections spread through contact with bodily fluids, such as blood and saliva.

Droplet Precautions

A type of precaution that covers infections spread through respiratory droplets, such as influenza.

Airborne Precautions

A type of precaution that covers infections spread through airborne particles, such as tuberculosis.

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Exposure Control Plan

A formal plan that outlines strategies to minimize exposure to bloodborne pathogens in the workplace.

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OPIM (Other Potentially Infectious Materials)

Materials that are potentially infectious, such as bodily fluids, but are not necessarily blood.

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Engineering Controls

Physical barriers or devices that help minimize workplace hazards, like sharps containers and biosafety cabinets.

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Work Practice Controls

Changes in how a task is performed to minimize risk, such as handling sharps safely or using needleless devices.

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Immunohematology

The study of human blood groups, including blood donor evaluation, blood collection and processing, blood group antigen testing, blood compatibility matching, tissue typing, forensic analysis, paternity testing, and genetic studies.

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Apheresis

The process of removing one specific blood component from a donor and returning the remaining components back to the donor.

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ABO blood grouping

The classification of blood based on the presence or absence of two antigens – A and B – on red blood cells (RBCs).

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Serum antibodies

The antibodies present in the blood serum of an individual, which are responsible for recognizing and attacking foreign antigens.

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Reverse grouping

The process of testing a patient's blood for the presence of blood group antibodies by reacting serum/plasma with RBCs with known A and B antigens.

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Serological Testing

A laboratory technique used to detect and quantify the presence of antibodies or antigens in a patient's blood. It involves reacting antibodies with known antigens or antigens with known antibodies.

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T lymphocytes (cell-mediated immunity)

These cells are crucial for the specific immune response, working against viruses, fungi, and tumor cells. They also release messenger molecules called lymphokines or cytokines that help regulate the immune response.

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B lymphocytes (humoral immunity)

They are the primary defense against bacteria, toxins, and circulating agents. They produce antibodies to neutralize these invaders.

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Plasma cells

These are differentiated B lymphocytes that are antibody factories. They produce specific antibodies to neutralize specific pathogens.

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Immunoglobulins

These proteins, also known as antibodies, circulate in the blood and make up a significant portion of serum. They have a specific target, like the antigen on an invading pathogen.

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Precipitation

This occurs when a specific antibody reacts with a soluble antigen, forming an insoluble complex. It can be measured using techniques like radial immunodiffusion and electrophoresis.

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Nephelometry

This method uses light scattering to detect the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. It's a sensitive technique that allows automation of precipitation tests.

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Complement fixation

This is a sensitive method to detect antigen-antibody reactions and identify specific antibodies in patient serum. It involves the complement proteins, which are part of the innate immune system.

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Labeled antibody techniques (e.g., Enzyme immunoassays, radioimmunoassays)

These techniques use labeled antibodies to detect specific antigens or antibodies. It's a very versatile method with applications in different areas like diagnostics, research, and therapy.

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Western Blot

A laboratory technique used to identify specific proteins in a sample by using antibodies to bind to their target protein. This technique is often used in HIV testing to detect the presence of HIV antibodies.

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Immunofluorescence

A technique that helps to detect the presence of specific antibodies or antigens in a sample using fluorescence microscopy. The antibodies or antigens are tagged with a fluorescent dye, which allows them to be visualized under a microscope.

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ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)

A laboratory technique that uses a microplate with wells to detect the presence of antigens or antibodies in a sample. The interaction of the antigen and antibody results in a color change that can be quantified.

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Agglutination

A serological test that relies on the visible clumping of particles (antigens or antibodies) when mixed with patient serum.

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Immunofluorescence Microscopy

A laboratory technique used to determine the presence of antibodies or antigens in a sample by immobilizing the antigens or antibodies onto a slide and adding the patient's serum. The presence of specific antibodies or antigens is then visualized under a fluorescence microscope using fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies.

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Positive Result

A color change indicates the presence of specific antibodies or antigens in the sample.

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Negative Result

No color change is observed, indicating that the specific antibodies or antigens are not present in the sample.

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ELISA

A laboratory technique that detects the presence of specific antibodies in a patient's blood sample by measuring color change.

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ELISA - Negative Result

In ELISA, no color change indicates the absence of specific antibodies in the sample, suggesting a negative result.

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Agglutination - Negative Result

In agglutination, the lack of clumping indicates the absence of specific antibodies in the sample, implying a negative result.

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Control Comparison

A standard laboratory procedure that uses control samples to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the test.

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Titer

A measure of the concentration of antibodies present in the serum, often reported for certain serological tests.

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Urinalysis

The analysis of urine's physical (color, clarity, smell), chemical (glucose, ketones, proteins, pH), and microscopic (crystals, casts, cells) characteristics.

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Nephron

The functional unit of the kidneys responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

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Glomerulus

The primary filtering unit within the nephron, composed of a network of capillaries.

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Renal Tubule

The tubular portion of the nephron, responsible for concentrating and modifying the filtered fluid into urine.

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Urine Formation

The process of removing metabolic waste products and excess water from the blood, resulting in urine.

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Urea

The primary waste product found in urine, derived from the breakdown of proteins.

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Erythropoietin

A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells.

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Active Vitamin D3

A hormone produced by the kidneys that helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.

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Renin

A hormone produced by the kidneys that influences blood pressure by regulating the contraction of blood vessels.

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Urochrome

The yellow color of urine is primarily caused by this pigment.

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Hematuria

The presence of blood in urine, often indicating a health issue.

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Urine pH

The measure of the acidity or alkalinity of urine, which can be influenced by diet and other factors.

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Urine Specific Gravity

A measure of the concentration of solutes in urine, reflecting the kidney's ability to concentrate urine.

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Proteinuria

The presence of protein in urine, which can indicate a kidney problem or other health issues.

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hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

Urine tests detect this hormone to confirm pregnancy.

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Study Notes

Clinical Lab Professions

  • Clinical laboratory professionals play crucial roles in diagnosing diseases
  • Phlebotomists collect blood samples
  • They require a high school diploma, formal training, and certification
  • Medical Laboratory Technicians (MLTs) conduct routine lab tests under supervision.
  • MLTs require an associate degree and certification (e.g., ASCP or AMT)
  • Clinical Laboratory Scientists (CLSs) perform advanced testing, interpret results, and supervise lab staff.
  • CLSs need a bachelor's degree and certification
  • Pathologists are medical doctors specializing in diagnosing diseases through lab tests.

Professional Organizations/Agencies

  • ASCP: Certifies lab professionals and sets standards.
  • NAACLS (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards): Accredits educational programs for lab professions.
  • CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute): Develops standards of best practice for clinical laboratory procedures.
  • CLIA (Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, 1988): Sets minimum performance standards for all clinical laboratories.
  • Labs can perform waived tests, moderate and high complexity tests, and PPMP (provider-performed microscopy procedures).

Biological Safety

  • Covers procedures to maintain safety and prevent contamination in laboratories.
  • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) includes gloves, goggles, lab coats, face shields, and respirators.
  • Disinfection removes most microbes using chemicals like 10% bleach.
  • Disinfectants are for inanimate objects, while antiseptics are for skin or tissue.
  • Sterilization eliminates all microbes, such as autoclaving.
  • In 1996, the CDC issued standard precautions for health care workers.
  • Standard precautions include guidelines for controlling nosocomial infections and protecting healthcare workers.
  • Employers are required to have an exposure control plan for potentially infectious materials (OPIM).
  • Engineering controls reduce exposure by altering how a task is performed.

OSHA Laboratory Safety Guidelines

  • OSHA's regulations ensure safe work environments in laboratories.
  • Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) requires labeling containers with hazard warnings and providing safety data sheets (SDSs).
  • Workers must be trained on labels and SDSs.
  • Bloodborne Pathogens Standard protects employees from exposure to infectious materials.
  • Exposure Control Plans detail procedures to minimize exposure.
  • Sharps Safety involves using needleless systems or engineered safety features for sharps.
  • Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) promotes safe handling and use of chemicals in lab settings.
  • Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) provide written procedures for safe use of chemicals.
  • Engineering controls, such as fume hoods and ventilation, reduce exposure.
  • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be appropriate, maintained, and worn correctly.

Emergency Action Plans

  • Clear evacuation procedures are needed for fire, chemical spills, or other emergencies.
  • Access to emergency showers, eyewash stations, and fire extinguishers is crucial.
  • The CDC emphasizes biosafety in handling infectious agents and biological materials.
  • Laboratories are categorized into four biosafety levels (BSLs) concerning the agents handled.
  • BSL-1 has low risk and uses standard microbiological practices.
  • BSL-2 has moderate risk and uses PPE and restricted access.
  • BSL-3 has high risk and requires controlled access, respiratory protection, and specialized ventilation.
  • BSL-4 has maximum risk and involves working with life-threatening agents like Ebola.

Hand Hygiene

  • Wash hands after removing gloves, handling infectious materials, and leaving the lab.
  • Use alcohol-based hand sanitizers when soap and water aren't available.

Spill Cleanup

  • Procedures for cleaning up small (less than 100 mL) spills include wearing PPE, restricting access, containing liquids or solids, and decontaminating with 10% bleach.
  • For larger spills, immediate evacuation and notification of the safety officer or emergency response team are critical.

Laboratory Math

  • Covers dilutions, unit conversions, molarity, and normality for solution preparation, calculations, and interpreting lab results.
  • Calculations are vital for making solutions of the proper concentration.

Hematology & Hemostasis

  • Covers blood components and clotting mechanisms.
  • Includes preparing and staining blood smears.

Blood Morphology

  • Wright's stain is a polychromatic stain, combined with methylene blue (BASE blue), eosin (ACID red/orange), and methanol (fixative).
  • A properly stained smear appears pinkish-blue under a microscope.

Blood Morphology

  • Feathered edge of the smear should be located with 10X and examined with oil-immersion objective.

Hematological Tests

  • Complete Blood Count (CBC) measures RBCs, WBCs, hemoglobin, and platelets.
  • Peripheral Blood Smear examines blood cell morphology.
  • Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways are activated by different triggers in the body.

Hemostasis

  • Coagulation factors are plasma proteins that ultimately form a fibrin clot for stopping the loss of blood from a vessel.
  • Coagulation cascade is a process of multiple steps that work together to turn prothrombin into thrombin and eventually fibrin.
  • Common factors like fibrinogen, prothrombin, calcium, are required for the process.

Blood Grouping

  • ABO blood grouping is based on the presence or absence of two blood group antigens (A and B) on red blood cells.
  • Antibodies in the serum react to the antigens on the blood cells.

Urinalysis

  • Analyzes physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine.
  • Physical properties include color, clarity, and odor.
  • Chemical analysis evaluates substances like glucose, ketones, proteins, and pH.
  • Microscopic examination identifies crystals, casts, and cells.

Clinical Chemistry

  • Focuses on biochemical analysis of body fluids, using serum for analysis.
  • Key areas include electrolytes, glucose, liver function tests, and kidney function tests.

Clinical Microbiology

  • Studies microorganisms and their identification.
  • Staining techniques such as Gram staining (to differentiate bacteria) and acid-fast staining (to identify mycobacteria).
  • Culture methods are used in the isolation and identification of microorganisms.

Serological Tests

  • ELISA and Western blot are two types of serological tests that help identify or quantify antibodies or antigens in sample blood.

Parasitology

  • Examines parasitic organisms and their lifecycles.

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Description

Test your knowledge on immunohematology with this quiz that covers various key concepts including blood types, serological testing, and immune responses. Perfect for students and professionals in the field of blood banking and immunology.

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