Blood Banking (Immunohematology) Quiz

Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of rejuvenating solutions in blood banking?

To enhance ATP and 2,3-DPG levels (correct)

To increase blood viscosity

To lower glycerol concentration

To preserve leukocyte function

Which components are included in the initial rejuvenation solution known as PIGPA?

Phosphate, Inosine, Glucose, Pyruvate, Adenine (correct)

Phosphate, Insulin, Glycerol, Pyruvate, Adenine

Potassium, Inosine, Glucose, Pyruvate, Adenine

Phosphate, Inosine, Galactose, Pyruvate, Agar

What is a notable disadvantage of the rejuvenating solution Rejuvesol?

It is time-consuming and expensive (correct)

It is ineffective for preserving blood samples

It is inexpensive and easy to use

It requires extensive storage conditions

What is the glycerol concentration commonly used by most blood banks?

40% w/v Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature and duration can RBCs be incubated to rejuvenate them?

37°C for 1 hour Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of blood banking?

To ensure blood is collected, preserved, stored, and dispensed for transfusion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood transfusion involves the donor receiving their own blood?

Autologous transfusion Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first person to record a blood transfusion in history?

Pope Innocent VII Signup and view all the answers

What significant discovery did William Harvey make in 1628?

The circulation of blood Signup and view all the answers

In the context of immunohematology, what does component therapy refer to?

Transfusion of specific blood components needed by the patient Signup and view all the answers

What major belief did Hippocrates hold regarding disease?

Imbalances in the four humors cause disease Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the sheep to human transfusion performed on June 15, 1667?

It was unsuccessful and subsequently banned Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes allogenic transfusion from autologous transfusion?

Allogenic transfusion is from donors other than the recipient Signup and view all the answers

Which invention allowed for improved blood transfusion by using two silver cannulae?

James Aveling transfusion set Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in the principles and procedures of immunohematology?

Blood grouping and compatibility testing Signup and view all the answers

Which method involved lancing the donor's back to extract blood?

Gesellius’ Method Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant disadvantage of Edward Lindemann's blood transfusion procedure?

It was time-consuming and complicated Signup and view all the answers

During which period was blood transfusion revived after a long ban?

18th century Signup and view all the answers

What does the term transfusion medicine encompass?

All procedures related to blood donation and transfusion Signup and view all the answers

What did Samuel Pepys speculate about 'bad blood' in relation to transfusion?

It could be mended by borrowing blood from a 'better body' Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following inventions simplified the blood transfusion process significantly?

Unger’s syringe valve apparatus Signup and view all the answers

Who is known as the Father of American Surgery?

Philip Syng Physick Signup and view all the answers

What significant medical procedure did Philip Syng Physick perform first?

First to perform human to human transfusion Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Karl Landsteiner discover the ABO blood group system?

1901 Signup and view all the answers

Which substance was reported by Albert Hustin in 1914 as an anticoagulant for blood transfusions?

Sodium citrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum volume of blood that can be collected from a 110 lb donor (50 kg) according to AABB standards?

525 mL Signup and view all the answers

Which method did Richard Lewisohn determine was necessary for anticoagulation?

Minimum amount of citrate Signup and view all the answers

Which year did Rous and Turner introduce the citrate-dextrose solution for blood preservation?

1943 Signup and view all the answers

What is the average volume of blood in a human body?

5 - 6 liters Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected post transfusion RBC survival rate after 24 hours?

75% Signup and view all the answers

How often can a person donate blood according to standard regulations?

Every 2 months Signup and view all the answers

What temperature range is optimum for storing blood containing RBCs?

10C to 60C Signup and view all the answers

Which component is primarily responsible for energy production in anticoagulant preservative solutions?

Dextrose Signup and view all the answers

What is the shelf-life of CPDA-1 anticoagulant prescriptive solution?

35 days Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about additive solutions?

They extend the shelf life of RBCs up to 42 days. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the levels of 2,3-DPG in cells stored in ACD after the first week?

Loss occurs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary anticoagulant used in ADSOL (AS-1)?

CPD Signup and view all the answers

Which biochemical change occurs in red blood cells during extended storage?

Decreased pH Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of adding glycerol during the freezing process of red blood cells?

To prevent hemolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements describes the behavior of red blood cells stored in CPD?

RBCs become low in 2,3-DPG by the second week. Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the ACD anticoagulant preservative solution?

Loutit and Mollison Signup and view all the answers

What is the increase in glucose concentration for CP2D compared to CPD?

100% Signup and view all the answers

What effect does prolonged storage have on glucose levels in stored RBCs?

Decreases glucose over time Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Objectives

Understand principles of Immunohematology, including blood collection, processing, preservation, and distribution.
Perform blood grouping and compatibility testing accurately in Immunohematology.
Explain Blood Bank operations and organization concepts.
Demonstrate quality assurance in Immunohematology testing.
Apply immunohematological knowledge to real-life situations through case studies.

Blood Banking Overview

Involves activities ensuring proper collection, preservation, storage, and dispensing of blood for transfusions.
Transfusion Medicine focuses on the proper use of blood and components to treat or prevent diseases.

Blood Transfusion

Transfusion is the process of inserting blood or components from one individual into another's circulatory system.
Types include:
- Autologous transfusion: donor and recipient are the same.
- Allogenic transfusion: transferred blood is from a different donor.
Component therapy targets specific blood components for patient needs.

Historical Perspective

Blood transfusion has roots in prehistoric rituals and practices dating back to ancient civilizations.
Key historical milestones include:
- 1492: First recorded blood transfusion to Pope Innocent VII.
- 1628: William Harvey's work on blood circulation.
- 1666: Richard Lower's successful canine blood transfusion.
- 1816: John Henry Leacock's published work on blood transfusion in hemorrhage.
- 1829: James Blundell's successful human transfusion for postpartum hemorrhage.

ABO Blood Group Discovery

1901: Karl Landsteiner discovers ABO blood groups, paving the way for safe transfusions.

Anticoagulant Preservative Solutions Evolution

1914: Albert Hustin uses sodium citrate as an anticoagulant.
1943: Rous and Turner introduce citrate-dextrose solution for blood preservation.
1957: Gibson develops citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) solution.

Blood Preservation Goals

Aim to maintain the viability of blood components post-transfusion.
RBCs should show 75% survival after 24 hours of transfusion.
Optimal RBC storage temperature: 10°C to 60°C, determined by preservative solutions used.

RBC Storage Lesions

Quality indicators include decreased viable cells, glucose, and ATP, along with increased lactic acid and a left shift in the oxygen dissociation curve.

Anticoagulant Solutions and Their Functions

Chemicals include:
- Citrate: Prevents clotting by binding calcium.
- Sodium phosphate: Maintains pH and supports 2,3-DPG levels.
- Dextrose: Provides energy.
- Adenine: Extends shelf-life by ATP production.

Additive Solutions

Added post-plasma removal to enhance storage life and nutritional content of RBCs.
Developed in 1970; benefits include extended shelf life of up to 42 days.

Freezing and Rejuvenation of RBCs

Freezing is crucial for autologous units and rare blood type storage.
Rejuvenating solutions restore ATP and 2,3-DPG levels, enhancing RBC functionality.

Notable Additive Solutions

ADSOL (AS-1): Contains SAGM, providing a shelf-life of 42 days.
NUTRICEL (AS-3): Similar composition, also with a shelf-life of 42 days.
OPTISOL (AS-5): Advanced formulation aiming for lower hemolysis and extended shelf life.

Rejuvenation Processes

Utilizes specific solutions (PIGPA ingredients) to restore RBC effectiveness.
RBCs can be rejuvenated at room temperature or opened up to 3 days post-outdate.

Conclusion

Blood banking and transfusion practices have significantly evolved over centuries, enhancing patient care and safety.
Understanding these processes is crucial for effective immunohematology practice.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the principles and procedures of blood banking and immunohematology. This quiz covers topics such as blood collection, processing, preservation, and blood grouping techniques. Assess your understanding of quality assurance in blood bank operations and compatibility testing methods.