Immunohematology

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Questions and Answers

What is transfusion medicine?

A method performed by scientists to make sure that the donor is right for transfusion. Checks ABO type, RH, antibody, cross matching. Most common error is clinical error.

what is blood type?

Based on presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances. antigens are made of carbs, glycoproteins, and glyocoliifs. They depends on blood group that is genetically given. The step most important types are ABO and rh. It is the classification of blood

What is the ABO group?

Most important. Can bind to 10 antigens, most immunogenic of all blood group antigens. IgM in it that can bind to antigen.

What is ABO/Rh blood typing?

Measures clumping of RBC after antibody A, antibody B Rh antigen added to detect antigen on surface of RBC. Clumping means that it is presence. Forward typing is detecting the antigen on pt RBC. Reverse typing is to detect antibodies in serum that can bind to RBC antigen. Signup and view all the answers

What is blood type O?

Lack A and B antigen. Can only receive their own blood but can give to all other blood types. Plasma has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

What is blood type A?

Has A glycoprotein on surface of blood. Gastric cancer is common. Have B-anti bodied in plasma. Signup and view all the answers

What is blood type B?

Has B glycoprotein on surface of blood. Have anti-A antibodies in blood plasma. Signup and view all the answers

What is blood type AB?

Has both glycoproteins for A and B antigens. Lack anti-A and anti-B in plasma. Universal recipient. Signup and view all the answers

What is a type 2 hypersensitivity?

A cytotoxic response that does tissue damage transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of newborn. First the ntigen on the plasma membrane is seeen as foreign, then it causes B cell to be activated and make antibodies, then the antibodies bind to the antigen and activate complement. Destroys RBC and quick response Signup and view all the answers

what is the Rh blood group system?

Rh (rhesus)is the second most important blood group system method. Rh- postive means antigen is present. D antigen is the rh factors rh postivem rh negative refers to D antigen only. Detects 50 defined blood group antigens that make up Rh. % are the most important (D,C,c,E,e). Signup and view all the answers

Hemolytic disease of newborn?

Rh is different in mom and baby. Rh+ baby and Rh- mom so mom makes antibodies to destroy babies blood. Causes anemia from lack of blood. Causes serious illness, brain damage, death. The antibody produced is IgG since it can cross the placenta. Most of time baby inherited D antigen from dad that mom doesn’t have. Mom becomes sensitized since she recprognizes baby’s blood as foreign. Some symptoms are jaundice, cardio respiratory issues, affected fetus. Some lab diagnoses: build up of bilirubin, increased RBC, low haptogloblin, positive antiglobulin test. Signup and view all the answers

Maternal ABO/Rh typing?

Route prenetala care to find moms blood type and fathers blood type. Screen antibody titer. Employ panel of RBC and indirect anti-globulin method used Signup and view all the answers

What is the kell antigen?

A blood group antigen on RBC surface, It can determine blood type and targets for autoimmune or alloimmunen diseases to destroy RBC. KEL gene encoded in type II transmemebrae glycoprotein is highly polymorphic. Kell glycoprotein link single disfufie fond to XK membrane protein that carry kell antigen Signup and view all the answers

Disease of Kell antigen?

Can cause hemolytic disease of newborn.autoimmunen hemolytic anemia, transfusions medicine. Anti-K is most common immune red cell antibody and presents as IgG. Lacking anti K develops anti bodies against Kell antigen and kill antigens transfused with blood containing antigen. If given pt antigen that they don’t already have the will respond to it without the Kell gene. Signup and view all the answers

what is Kidd (jk) antigen?

Located on membranes of RBC and kidney. Help determine blood type. On protein needed to transport urea in RBC and kidney. On chromosome 18. 3 alleles (a b or 3). Can lead to hemolytic anemia which destroy transfused blood and lead to low RBC count and delayed transfusion reaction. Typically mild. Can also drop to low and unpredictable level after the pt first gets exposed. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Lewis antigen?

Lewis a and Lewis B. Red cell antigen that are not produced on RBC. Part of exocrine system on epithelial cells and not blood cells. Get absorbed to RBC. These antigens are on red cells, epithelium, kidneys. Clinically insignificant, however transferred RBC can shed Lewis antigen and get type of recipient phenotype. They are quick absorbed. Signup and view all the answers

What is MNS antigens?

Anti M is sometime seen in dialysis pt due to cross reactions. Lower frequency blood system. 2 genes on chromosome 4, glycoprotein a and b. S antigen is kinda common and s is very common. Signup and view all the answers

What s transfusion medicine?

Branch of medicine that deals with study of blood groups for transfusion, genetics for blood and other blood products, It tests blood from both donor and recipient. Can cause acute hemolytic is leading to renal failure, shock, and death if not done correctly. Signup and view all the answers

What is crossmatching?

Is there any risks that recepieint will have a response from the donors blood. Mixes recipients serum with donors red cells to see if the recipient has any things in their serum that will react. It is seen under a microscope by loooking at agglutinatio Signup and view all the answers

Direct Coombs test?

Used to detect immune hemolysis. Investigate hemolytic transfusion reaction. Detect pt antibodies and implement coating red cells. Look at them and see if three is anything coating them. Did pt produce antibodies to donors RBC. Washed to free gamma globin and then they add comb serum and see if agglutination is present. 4+ is most positive Signup and view all the answers

What is indirect Coombs?

Looking for any circulating antibodies against RBC. Detect antibodies against RBC in serum yo see if pt hs minor serum antibodies after getting a transfusion. Signup and view all the answers

Plasmas compatilbity?

Can get plasma rather than blood must be same blood type in order to get plasma Signup and view all the answers

what is graft-versus-host disease?

Donor lymphocytes in transfusion can engraft and multiply in recipient. Lymphocyte can react against recipient tissues. Pre-transfusion radiation can be used to avoid this problem by destroy any lymphocytes that may be present. Signup and view all the answers

Blood products?

Paced RBC, plasma, platelets, cryoprecipient, fresh frozen plasma. These are given to product maximum benefit from blood donation. Signup and view all the answers

Consitution of blood

Liquid is 60%. Plasma is mainly water based by has protein, hormones, antibodies, enzymes, blood sugar. Blood cells make up 40% and have RBC, wbc, platelets Signup and view all the answers

Blood donors circumstances

Hemoglobin must by 12.5 g/dL. Hepatitis b is very common during transfusion and it is important not to have it, hematocrit over 38%. Temperature of donor mist be over 37.5C. Recpeient of product is 6 months deferral. Platelet count and blood pressure must also be taken. Also screen for symphonies, jaundice, and other STD. Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of transplants?

Autograft is a tissue transplanted form 1site to another on own body.Isograft is tissue form identical twin. Allograft is different individual form same species the rejection allograft by T and antibodies. Xenograft os from tissue exchange between 2 ndividuals of different species. Signup and view all the answers

Histocompability antigen

Is the primary stimulus in graft rejection. Located on the HLA class 1 system that encodes for certain glycoproteins. It breaks down intracellular pathogen Signup and view all the answers

what is HLA typing?

It is a type of assay to determine a potent recipient based off of microlymphocytotixicity assay. It mixes the known HLA typing with separated lymphocytes and the addition of complement seen for the reactivity of them.It can detect the presence of antibodies from prior transfusio Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is transfusion medicine?

A field ensuring donor blood is compatible for transfusion by checking ABO type, Rh factor, antibody presence, and crossmatching.

What is blood type?

Classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances (carbs, glycoproteins, glycolipids) determined by genetics. Key types include ABO and Rh.

What is the ABO group?

The most important blood group, capable of binding to 10 antigens. It features IgM antibodies, making it highly immunogenic.

What is ABO/Rh blood typing?

A test measuring RBC clumping after adding antibody A, antibody B, and Rh antigen. Clumping indicates presence of the antigen. Includes forward (detecting antigen on RBC) and reverse typing (detecting antibodies in serum).