T1 L5: Adaptive immunity 2 (CP)
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Questions and Answers

Which process is employed to generate a diverse repertoire of both B cells and T cells?

  • Diversification and selection
  • Molecular biology process
  • Adaptive immunity
  • BTJ recombination (correct)

    • What is the purpose of this afternoon's lecture?

  • To provide a detailed exposition of molecular biology
  • To discuss the process of BTJ recombination
  • To explain diversification and selection of diversified adaptive cells (correct)
  • To introduce the adaptive immune system

    • Which cells undergo BTJ recombination?

  • B cells and T cells (correct)
  • Only B cells
  • Only T cells
  • None of the above

    • Is knowledge of detailed molecular biology required for this lecture?

    <p>No, it is not required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that occurs in B cells and further diversifies them?

    <p>Somatic hyper mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is responsible for selecting the best B cells to identify and recognize an antigen?

    <p>Affinity maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the B cell receptor is modified during class switch recombination?

    <p>The constant region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of BTJ recombination in ensuring recognition of antigens?

    <p>To splice together variable, diversity, and adjoining regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the rearrangement of the germline sequence in the T cell receptor?

    <p>Recombination Activating Genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of somatic host mutation in B cells?

    <p>To further diversify the B cell pool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the specific sites on the DNA where rearrangement occurs called?

    <p>RSSs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of terminal deoxy transferase in the rearrangement process?

    <p>To splice the DNA fragments together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunoglobulin is needed when the antigen is in the bloodstream?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when immune globulin binds to a pathogen to flag it to a macrophage?

    <p>Optimization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the B cell receptor is altered during class switch recombination?

    <p>The constant region of the heavy chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is critical in both somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination?

    <p>Activation-induced cytidine deaminase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when B cells introduce random genetic alterations in their B cell receptor followed by antigenic challenge?

    <p>Somatic hypermutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to B cells that do not recognize the antigen better after somatic hypermutation?

    <p>They undergo apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation primarily take place?

    <p>Germinal center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to B cells that recognize the antigen with higher affinity after somatic hypermutation?

    <p>They are selected for</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of the molecular cutting and shutting off the immune globulin?

    <p>To generate alternative transcripts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the IG M or MU locus and the IG locus?

    <p>They are alternative versions of each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives or guides the class switch recombination event?

    <p>Cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does class switch recombination matter?

    <p>Different constant regions of the immune globulin molecule perform different functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of achieving a better molecule or molecular structure?

    <p>To suit the type of pathogen and eradicate it effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the immune globulin molecule is good at neutralizing and optimizing?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme predominantly used for introducing mutations in B cells?

    <p>Activation induced sighting deaminase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mutation rate at the immunoglobulin loci compared to other loci in the genome?

    <p>About a million times higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of somatic hypermutation in B cells?

    <p>To introduce further diversification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific base that is mutated in somatic hypermutation?

    <p>Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the rearrangement of the germline sequence in the T cell receptor?

    <p>RAG-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of V(D)J recombination?

    <p>To generate diversity of antigen recognition and response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segments of the immune cell receptor genes are involved in V(D)J recombination?

    <p>Variable, Diversity, and Joining segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many possible combinations of immune cell receptor sequences can be generated through V(D)J recombination?

    <p>Approximately 1018</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Recombination Activating Genes (RAGs) are critical for the cleavage stage of V(D)J joining?

    <p>RAG-1 and RAG-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specific sites on the DNA are involved in rearrangement during V(D)J joining?

    <p>Recombination Signal Sequences (RSSs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tdt) in V(D)J rearrangement?

    <p>To introduce additional diversity through the addition of random nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune cell undergoes VJ recombination?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation primarily take place?

    <p>In the germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of antibody class switching?

    <p>To change the antibody isotype produced by B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are subject to Darwinian selection resulting in a 'better' B cell for specific antigen recognition and response?

    <p>B cells that have undergone somatic hypermutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which B cells produce antibodies with increased affinity for antigen during an immune response?

    <p>Affinity maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme responsible for introducing point mutations during somatic hypermutation?

    <p>Activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first targeted switch region in class switch recombination?

    <p>Sµ switch region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the partner switch region in class switch recombination?

    <p>The cytokines present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation?

    <p>To fine tune B cells to recognize and respond to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of class switch recombination?

    <p>To mount the most appropriate immunological response to antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mutation rate during somatic hypermutation compared to normal cell division?

    <p>~1 base per 1000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme critical for both somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination?

    <p>Activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of affinity maturation?

    <p>To produce antibodies with increased affinity for antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation?

    <p>To optimize B cell recognition and response to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of follicular dendritic cells in affinity maturation?

    <p>They present antigens to B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mutation rate during somatic hypermutation compared to normal cell division?

    <p>1 base per 1,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of class switch recombination?

    <p>To allow B cells to perform different effector functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the partner switch region in class switch recombination?

    <p>The cytokines secreted by follicular T helper cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to B cells that have undergone somatic hypermutation but bind antigens with lower affinity?

    <p>They undergo apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in class switch recombination?

    <p>To catalyze the rearrangement of constant regions in B cell receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to B cells that do not recognize the antigen better after somatic hypermutation?

    <p>They undergo apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation?

    <p>Somatic hypermutation leads to affinity maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of introducing genetic alterations in B cell receptors during somatic hypermutation?

    <p>To increase the diversity of B cell receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

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