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Questions and Answers
What is a primary function of T cells in the immune response?
What is a primary function of T cells in the immune response?
- Mount immune response via antibodies
- Phagocytosis
- Develop into macrophages
- Direct cell attack (correct)
What distinguishes leukocytes from erythrocytes in terms of life span?
What distinguishes leukocytes from erythrocytes in terms of life span?
- Erythrocytes have a life span of days
- Leukocytes live for hours to years (correct)
- Erythrocytes live for months
- Leukocytes have a life span of days to weeks
Which statement best explains the effect of chemotherapy on blood cells?
Which statement best explains the effect of chemotherapy on blood cells?
- It disrupts the development of normal blood cells (correct)
- It has no impact on normal fast-growing cells
- It enhances the growth of leukocytes while killing cancerous cells
- It selectively targets only leukocytes and leaves other cells unharmed
What is the main structural feature of erythrocytes that facilitates gas exchange?
What is the main structural feature of erythrocytes that facilitates gas exchange?
Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for developing into macrophages?
Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for developing into macrophages?
Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure?
Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure?
What is the primary function of γ globulins in the plasma?
What is the primary function of γ globulins in the plasma?
Which type of leukocyte is responsible for phagocytizing bacteria?
Which type of leukocyte is responsible for phagocytizing bacteria?
Which plasma protein is converted into a fibrin network for clot formation?
Which plasma protein is converted into a fibrin network for clot formation?
What is the lifespan of eosinophils in the bloodstream?
What is the lifespan of eosinophils in the bloodstream?
Which leukocyte lack obvious granules in their cytoplasm?
Which leukocyte lack obvious granules in their cytoplasm?
What is the primary role of prothrombin in the body?
What is the primary role of prothrombin in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a function of albumin?
Which of the following is NOT a function of albumin?
Which blood group contains no agglutinins in the plasma?
Which blood group contains no agglutinins in the plasma?
What percentage of the population is estimated to be Rh-positive?
What percentage of the population is estimated to be Rh-positive?
What is the first step in the hemostasis process?
What is the first step in the hemostasis process?
Which of the following substances is NOT a vasoconstrictor released during vascular spasms?
Which of the following substances is NOT a vasoconstrictor released during vascular spasms?
What complication can arise during a second pregnancy for an Rh-negative mother who did not receive Rhogam after her first delivery?
What complication can arise during a second pregnancy for an Rh-negative mother who did not receive Rhogam after her first delivery?
Which blood group has both A and B agglutinogen present on the red blood cells?
Which blood group has both A and B agglutinogen present on the red blood cells?
What is the primary purpose of hemostasis?
What is the primary purpose of hemostasis?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the hemostasis process?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the hemostasis process?
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
How many heme groups are present in a single hemoglobin molecule?
How many heme groups are present in a single hemoglobin molecule?
What is the life span of a red blood cell?
What is the life span of a red blood cell?
Which protein chains are present in hemoglobin?
Which protein chains are present in hemoglobin?
What percentage of carbon dioxide in the blood is bound to the globin moiety?
What percentage of carbon dioxide in the blood is bound to the globin moiety?
Which of the following is a nonprotein component of hemoglobin responsible for binding oxygen?
Which of the following is a nonprotein component of hemoglobin responsible for binding oxygen?
What is the typical red blood cell count range for females?
What is the typical red blood cell count range for females?
What is erythropoiesis?
What is erythropoiesis?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating erythropoiesis in response to decreased oxygen supply?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating erythropoiesis in response to decreased oxygen supply?
Which nutrient is essential for hemoglobin synthesis?
Which nutrient is essential for hemoglobin synthesis?
What is the primary site of erythropoiesis in adults?
What is the primary site of erythropoiesis in adults?
Which of the following conditions can lead to anemia?
Which of the following conditions can lead to anemia?
What role does Vitamin C play in erythropoiesis?
What role does Vitamin C play in erythropoiesis?
What is a key characteristic of blood groups in the ABO system?
What is a key characteristic of blood groups in the ABO system?
The primary function of erythropoietin is to stimulate which of the following processes?
The primary function of erythropoietin is to stimulate which of the following processes?
Which of the following nutrients plays a crucial role in RBC maturation and is predominantly found in red meat?
Which of the following nutrients plays a crucial role in RBC maturation and is predominantly found in red meat?
What triggers the adherence of platelets to collagen during platelet plug formation?
What triggers the adherence of platelets to collagen during platelet plug formation?
Which of the following is a direct effect of thromboxane A2 on the vascular system?
Which of the following is a direct effect of thromboxane A2 on the vascular system?
What is the first step in the coagulation process after platelet plug formation?
What is the first step in the coagulation process after platelet plug formation?
What is the primary role of plasmin in the context of hemostasis?
What is the primary role of plasmin in the context of hemostasis?
Which anticoagulant is known to be extracted from animal sources?
Which anticoagulant is known to be extracted from animal sources?
What is the outcome of excess fibrinolysis in the vascular system?
What is the outcome of excess fibrinolysis in the vascular system?
Which vitamin's antagonists are utilized to decrease certain coagulation factors?
Which vitamin's antagonists are utilized to decrease certain coagulation factors?
What is the role of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in the process of fibrinolysis?
What is the role of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in the process of fibrinolysis?
Flashcards
Albumin
Albumin
A major type of plasma protein responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and transporting smaller molecules like hormones and ions.
Globulins
Globulins
A group of plasma proteins with diverse functions, including transporting hormones, fats, and vitamins, and containing antibodies for immunity.
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen
A plasma protein essential for blood clotting, converting into fibrin to create a mesh-like network for clot formation.
Prothrombin
Prothrombin
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Serum
Serum
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Granulocytes
Granulocytes
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Agranulocytes
Agranulocytes
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Neutrophils
Neutrophils
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Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
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Monocytes
Monocytes
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Leukopenia during Chemotherapy
Leukopenia during Chemotherapy
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Erythrocytes
Erythrocytes
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Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
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Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis
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Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin
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Anemia
Anemia
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Agglutinogens
Agglutinogens
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Agglutinins
Agglutinins
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ABO blood group system
ABO blood group system
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Bone marrow
Bone marrow
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What is the primary function of red blood cells?
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
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Hemoglobin (Hb)
Hemoglobin (Hb)
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Heme
Heme
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Red Blood Cell Count
Red Blood Cell Count
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Red Blood Cell Lifespan
Red Blood Cell Lifespan
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Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport
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Buffering
Buffering
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Rh System
Rh System
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Rh D Antigen
Rh D Antigen
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Hemostasis
Hemostasis
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Platelet Plug
Platelet Plug
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Vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction
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What is the role of platelets in hemostasis?
What is the role of platelets in hemostasis?
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What is the purpose of coagulation?
What is the purpose of coagulation?
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What is the process of fibrinolysis?
What is the process of fibrinolysis?
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What are the final three steps of the coagulation cascade?
What are the final three steps of the coagulation cascade?
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What are some examples of clinical anticoagulants?
What are some examples of clinical anticoagulants?
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How are blood clots prevented outside the body?
How are blood clots prevented outside the body?
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What are the consequences of an imbalance between clotting and fibrinolysis?
What are the consequences of an imbalance between clotting and fibrinolysis?
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How is plasminogen activated to break down fibrin?
How is plasminogen activated to break down fibrin?
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Study Notes
Blood Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Blood is a liquid connective tissue, approximately 8% of total body weight in a 70 kg man
- Blood volume is roughly 5-6 liters in men and 4-5 liters in women
- Blood is composed of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)
- Plasma is primarily water (90%) with organic and inorganic components and dissolved gases
- Formed elements include Erythrocytes (RBCs), Leukocytes (WBCs), and Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Objectives
- Describe cellular and non-cellular components of blood
- Recognize blood functions
- Define erythropoiesis, leucopoiesis, and thrombopoiesis
- Identify RBC formation sites at different developmental ages
- Describe RBC maturation stages
- Describe RBC maturation
- Describe RBC production regulation in response to hypoxia and erythropoietin hormone secretion
- Identify clinical conditions associated with high levels of erythropoietin in the blood
Components of Blood
- Plasma: 55% by volume, containing water (91%), proteins (7%), and other solutes (2%)
- Formed Elements: 45% by volume, including:
- Erythrocytes (RBCs): 4-6 million/µl (in males); 4-5 million/µl (in females)
- Leukocytes (WBCs): 4,000-11,000/µl
- Thrombocytes (Platelets): 150,000-400,000/µl
Blood Composition and Hematocrit
- Hematocrit: percentage of RBCs in whole blood. (Normal values vary by sex due to hormonal influences)
Functions of Blood
- Transport: Gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products
- Regulation: Acid-base balance, blood pressure
- Defense: Against infection through white blood cells and the immune system. Hemostasis (blood clotting)
The Plasma
- Plasma constitutes 55% of blood volume
- Plasma is a yellow, clear fluid
- On standing, it clots. The remaining fluid is called serum.
- Serum is the plasma from which the clotting elements have been removed
- Composed of 90% water, 9% organic constituents, and inorganic constituents and blood gases
Plasma Proteins
- Albumin: Major contributor to plasma osmotic pressure, transport of various molecules; found in the liver (50% in the liver and 50% in lymphocytes)
- Globulins: Transport hormones and fat-soluble vitamins; produced by liver and other cells (50% in the liver and 50% in lymphocytes)
- Fibrinogen: Essential in blood clotting; produced by the liver
- Prothrombin: Essential in blood clotting; produced by the liver
Specific Functions of Plasma Proteins
- Albumin: Maintains osmotic pressure, transports hormones and ions
- Globulins: Transport hormones, fat-soluble vitamins; antibodies (gamma globulins) bind foreign substances
- Fibrinogen: Converted into fibrin to form blood clots
- Prothrombin: Involved in blood clotting
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
- 4,000–11,000/µl
- Two major categories:
- Granulocytes: Contain membrane-bound granules (e.g., neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
- Agranulocytes: Lack visible granules (e.g., lymphocytes, monocytes)
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
- Average: 5 million/mm³
- Appearance: Biconcave disc shape (for gas exchange, flexibility)
- Structure: Primarily hemoglobin (oxygen and carbon dioxide transport); no nucleus or mitochondria
- Functions: Carry hemoglobin, transport oxygen, transport carbon dioxide, buffer pH
- Life Span: 120 days
- Fate: Removed and broken down in the spleen
Erythropoiesis
- Process of RBC formation
- Intrauterine: Liver and spleen
- Postnatal (children): Predominantly red bone marrow of axial and appendicular skeletons
- Adults: Red bone marrow of axial skeleton
Factors Regulating Erythropoiesis
- Decreased oxygen supply (hypoxia) to tissues stimulates erythropoietin (EPO) production
- EPO is mainly produced by kidneys (85%) and liver (15%)
- EPO stimulates RBC formation
Role of Nutrients for Erythropoiesis
- Cobalamin (B12): RBC maturation (liver)
- Folic Acid: RBC maturation (leaves, fish)
- Vitamin B6: Hemoglobin synthesis (eggs, whole grains, potatoes)
- Amino Acids: Nucleoprotein synthesis (eggs, meat, milk)
- Vitamin C: Conversion of folic acid to active forms (aids absorption)
- Iron: Essential for hemoglobin synthesis
Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis
- Hormones: Testosterone stimulates EPO secretion, thyroid hormones increase cell metabolism, cortisol increases RBC formation
- Healthy liver: Necessary for globin, iron, and vitamin B12 storage, EPO production
- Healthy bone marrow: Site of erythropoiesis, vulnerable to irradiation and tumors
Anemias
- Decrease in red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), or both
- Leads to decreased oxygen supply to tissues
- Categorized (based on morphology and underlying causes)
Blood Groups
- ABO System: Based on presence or absence of A or B antigens on RBCs. Plasma contains corresponding antibodies (Anti-A, Anti-B) , which can agglutinate foreign RBCs.
- Rh System: Based on the presence or absence of antigen D (Rh factor)
- Rh+ve: Present
- Rh-ve: Absent
- Important in blood transfusions and pregnancies (involving Rh-incompatibility between the mother and child
Hemostasis
- Hemostasis: The process of stopping bleeding
- steps in hemostasis:
- vascular spasm (vasoconstriction of injured vessel)
- platelet plug formation
- coagulation (formation of blood clot)
- fibrinolysis (dissolving of blood clot)
Anticoagulants
- Heparin, Warfarin, and other agents to prevent clotting
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Description
Test your knowledge of the immune system and blood cell functions with this quiz! Covering topics such as T cells, leukocytes, erythrocytes, and plasma proteins, this quiz will challenge your understanding of key biological principles related to human anatomy and physiology.
