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Questions and Answers
Which mechanism is primarily responsible for propelling microbes out of the respiratory tract?
Which mechanism is primarily responsible for propelling microbes out of the respiratory tract?
What physiological response can inhibit pathogen proliferation?
What physiological response can inhibit pathogen proliferation?
Which chemical mediator is responsible for disrupting bacterial cell walls?
Which chemical mediator is responsible for disrupting bacterial cell walls?
What role do dendritic cells play in the immune response?
What role do dendritic cells play in the immune response?
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Which component is involved in inducing antiviral defenses in uninfected cells?
Which component is involved in inducing antiviral defenses in uninfected cells?
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What type of immune cells are primarily responsible for phagocytosis?
What type of immune cells are primarily responsible for phagocytosis?
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What does degranulation refer to?
What does degranulation refer to?
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What type of cells are eosinophils classified as?
What type of cells are eosinophils classified as?
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Which of the following substances do basophils release during degranulation?
Which of the following substances do basophils release during degranulation?
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What are super oxides known for?
What are super oxides known for?
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What is one of the primary roles of eosinophils in the immune response?
What is one of the primary roles of eosinophils in the immune response?
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What promotes the mobility of other white blood cells, according to basophil functions?
What promotes the mobility of other white blood cells, according to basophil functions?
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Which white blood cell type is also known as polymorphonuclear (PMN)?
Which white blood cell type is also known as polymorphonuclear (PMN)?
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What type of immune response are granulocytes primarily involved in?
What type of immune response are granulocytes primarily involved in?
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Which of the following describes the primary action of phagocytes?
Which of the following describes the primary action of phagocytes?
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What is a common role of cytokines released by eosinophils?
What is a common role of cytokines released by eosinophils?
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What is the role of antigen-presenting cells in the immune system?
What is the role of antigen-presenting cells in the immune system?
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Where are antigen-presenting cells primarily located?
Where are antigen-presenting cells primarily located?
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What is the primary function of antigens in the immune response?
What is the primary function of antigens in the immune response?
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Which cells are stimulated by antigen-presenting cells during the adaptive immune response?
Which cells are stimulated by antigen-presenting cells during the adaptive immune response?
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What do antigen-presenting cells switch on to activate the immune response?
What do antigen-presenting cells switch on to activate the immune response?
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What is a key regulator of the immune system?
What is a key regulator of the immune system?
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Which immune cells are stimulated to grow and differentiate by antigen-presenting cells?
Which immune cells are stimulated to grow and differentiate by antigen-presenting cells?
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What is the sequential process triggered by antigen-presenting cells?
What is the sequential process triggered by antigen-presenting cells?
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Which of the following describes the adaptive immunity?
Which of the following describes the adaptive immunity?
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Which process do antigen-presenting cells initiate to combat infections?
Which process do antigen-presenting cells initiate to combat infections?
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What is the primary function of IgG antibodies?
What is the primary function of IgG antibodies?
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Where is most IgE found in the body?
Where is most IgE found in the body?
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Which immunoglobulin is mainly responsible for the initial antibody response during a primary immune response?
Which immunoglobulin is mainly responsible for the initial antibody response during a primary immune response?
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What percentage of total serum immunoglobulin level does IgG account for?
What percentage of total serum immunoglobulin level does IgG account for?
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What occurs when a phagocyte engulfs a pathogen?
What occurs when a phagocyte engulfs a pathogen?
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Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in providing passive immunity to newborns?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in providing passive immunity to newborns?
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Which statement about IgD is true?
Which statement about IgD is true?
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Which type of cells are considered phagocytes?
Which type of cells are considered phagocytes?
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What is the term for the compartment formed when a phagocyte engulfs a pathogen?
What is the term for the compartment formed when a phagocyte engulfs a pathogen?
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What is the primary function of B cells in the adaptive immune response?
What is the primary function of B cells in the adaptive immune response?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immunity?
Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immunity?
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What type of cells are memory cells associated with in the immune response?
What type of cells are memory cells associated with in the immune response?
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Which mechanism is associated with the mucous membrane in the innate immune system?
Which mechanism is associated with the mucous membrane in the innate immune system?
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Which of the following correctly describes the memory aspect of adaptive immunity?
Which of the following correctly describes the memory aspect of adaptive immunity?
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What is the main role of external barriers in the innate immune system?
What is the main role of external barriers in the innate immune system?
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Which statement about adaptive immunity is true?
Which statement about adaptive immunity is true?
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How does the skin function as a barrier in the innate immune system?
How does the skin function as a barrier in the innate immune system?
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What differentiates memory cells from other lymphocytes in adaptive immunity?
What differentiates memory cells from other lymphocytes in adaptive immunity?
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Which characteristic does NOT apply to the innate immune system?
Which characteristic does NOT apply to the innate immune system?
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Study Notes
Immunoglobulin Types
- IgD is found in the blood in low levels and cannot activate the complement system.
- IgE is found in serum in small amounts and is primarily attached to mast cells and basophils. High levels of IgE are associated with allergies, such as asthma and hayfever.
- IgG is the most common antibody in the blood and tissue fluid (75% of total serum immunoglobulin). It's crucial for defending against diffusing toxins and spreading microbes, primarily during the secondary immune response. IgG is an effective opsonin (helps phagocytes recognize and engulf pathogens) and is transferred across the placenta, offering passive protection to newborns for 4-6 months.
- IgM is the largest immunoglobulin molecule, often the first antibody produced in a primary immune response. IgM is short-lived.
Phagocytosis
- Phagocytes engulf pathogens by attaching to and wrapping around them.
- Phagocytic cells: Monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, dendritic cells
- Phagosome: Compartment inside a phagocyte where the engulfed pathogen is trapped.
- Phagolysosome: Formed when a phagosome merges with a lysosome or granule; destroys the pathogen using antimicrobial agents, enzymes, nitrogen oxides, and proteins.
- Degranulation (discharge of cellular contents): A crucial process in the function of many phagocytic cells.
Eosinophils
- Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell with granules in its cytoplasm.
- Origin: Myeloblast
- Immune response: Innate
- Function: Degranulation, release of enzymes, growth factors, and cytokines.
- Targets: Parasites, allergic reactions.
Basophils
- Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell with granules in its cytoplasm.
- Origin: Myeloblast
- Immune response: Innate
- Function: Degranulation, release of histamine, enzymes, and cytokines.
- Targets: Various allergic reactions, secrete anticoagulants (heparin), promoting the mobility of other white blood cells by preventing clotting.
Lymphocytes (B cells)
- Mononuclear Leukocytes: A type of white blood cell with a single nucleus.
- Origin: Lymphoblast
- Differentiation: Plasma cells (antibody-secreting cells) or memory cells
- Immune response: Adaptive, humoral/antibody-mediated
- Function: Production of antibodies, involved in the secondary immune response.
Dendritic Cells
- Found in lymph nodes and spleen
- Act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune responses
- Key regulator of the immune system
- Activate immature T cells and stimulate the growth and differentiation of B cells
- Initiate the adaptive immune response
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
- Characteristic: | Innate Immunity | Adaptive Immunity
- Specificity: | Non-specific | Specific
- Time Response: | Immediate (hours) | Days/weeks
- Antigen Dependence: | Non-antigen dependent | Antigen dependent
- Memory: | No | Yes
Innate Immune Barriers
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Anatomic Barriers*
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Skin: Provides an initial mechanical barrier, preventing the entry of pathogens.
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Mucous Membranes:
- Normal flora compete with microbes for attachment sites.
- Mucous traps foreign microbes.
- Cilia propel microbes out of the body.
- Examples: mucous membrane sites, nose, respiratory tract.
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Physiological Barriers*
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Temperature: Body temperature/fever response inhibits pathogen proliferation.
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Low pH: Acidic pH kills most undigested pathogens. Example: stomach (hydrochloric acid).
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Chemical Mediators:
- Lysozyme cleaves (disrupts) bacterial cell walls (examples: tears, saliva).
- Interferon induces antiviral defenses in uninfected cells.
- Complement lyses pathogens or facilitates phagocytosis.
- Histatine (antimicrobial peptide) - found in saliva.
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Phagocytic/Endocytic Barriers*
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Macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils: Some break down foreign macro-molecules, while others internalize, phagocytose, kill, and digest whole organisms. These are found at sites of pathogen entry and within targeted sites in the body.
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Inflammatory Barriers*
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Triggered by the innate immune system to contain and eliminate pathogens. Signs include redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
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Description
This quiz covers essential information about different types of immunoglobulins (IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM) and their roles in the immune system. Additionally, it explores the process of phagocytosis and the types of phagocytic cells involved. Test your knowledge on these key concepts in immunology.
