Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the typical timeframe for the entire vaccination to scar formation process?
What is the typical timeframe for the entire vaccination to scar formation process?
- 12 weeks (correct)
- 8 weeks
- 10 weeks
- 6 weeks
What indicates previous exposure to tuberculosis in a BCG vaccination?
What indicates previous exposure to tuberculosis in a BCG vaccination?
- Koch’s phenomenon (correct)
- Glandular enlargement
- Local soreness at the injection site
- Persistent indolent ulceration
What should be done if an indolent ulceration persists after 12 weeks from BCG vaccination?
What should be done if an indolent ulceration persists after 12 weeks from BCG vaccination?
- Apply an antiseptic cream
- Refer to a specialist for surgery
- No management is needed
- Treat with INH powder (correct)
What management is required for a deep abscess at the BCG vaccination site?
What management is required for a deep abscess at the BCG vaccination site?
What is a common side effect of the DPT-HepB-Hib vaccine?
What is a common side effect of the DPT-HepB-Hib vaccine?
What percentage of children aged 12-23 months had specific immunizations according to the data?
What percentage of children aged 12-23 months had specific immunizations according to the data?
Which region reported the highest coverage of tetanus toxoid (TT)?
Which region reported the highest coverage of tetanus toxoid (TT)?
Which education level had the lowest coverage percentage for tetanus toxoid (TT)?
Which education level had the lowest coverage percentage for tetanus toxoid (TT)?
What was the reported percentage of births protected against neonatal tetanus in the 2009 National Demographic and Health Survey?
What was the reported percentage of births protected against neonatal tetanus in the 2009 National Demographic and Health Survey?
What was the percentage coverage of tetanus toxoid (TT) in the ARMM region?
What was the percentage coverage of tetanus toxoid (TT) in the ARMM region?
What trend was observed regarding immunization coverage between 2003 and 2008?
What trend was observed regarding immunization coverage between 2003 and 2008?
Which of the following immunizations is specifically mentioned in the data?
Which of the following immunizations is specifically mentioned in the data?
As per the figure, what was one of the common ways the immunization data was gathered?
As per the figure, what was one of the common ways the immunization data was gathered?
What is the recommended distance between injection sites if multiple vaccines are given in the same limb?
What is the recommended distance between injection sites if multiple vaccines are given in the same limb?
Which vaccine must be used for the birth dose?
Which vaccine must be used for the birth dose?
How should OPV be administered?
How should OPV be administered?
What does a monovalent vaccine contain?
What does a monovalent vaccine contain?
What is the correct sequence for administering OPV and Rotavirus vaccines?
What is the correct sequence for administering OPV and Rotavirus vaccines?
When should the first dose of Rotavirus vaccine be administered?
When should the first dose of Rotavirus vaccine be administered?
For children who have not received AMV1, when should AMV2 be administered?
For children who have not received AMV1, when should AMV2 be administered?
What should be avoided when administering vaccines?
What should be avoided when administering vaccines?
What year was the Mandatory Infants and Children Health Immunization Act enacted?
What year was the Mandatory Infants and Children Health Immunization Act enacted?
What is one of the specific goals of the expanded program on immunization?
What is one of the specific goals of the expanded program on immunization?
Which law mandated compulsory immunization against hepatitis B for infants?
Which law mandated compulsory immunization against hepatitis B for infants?
How is tuberculosis primarily spread?
How is tuberculosis primarily spread?
Which of the following diseases is NOT specifically mentioned as part of the expanded immunization program?
Which of the following diseases is NOT specifically mentioned as part of the expanded immunization program?
In which population is tuberculosis infection most likely to spread rapidly?
In which population is tuberculosis infection most likely to spread rapidly?
Which of the following diseases is specifically aimed to be eliminated according to the program's goals?
Which of the following diseases is specifically aimed to be eliminated according to the program's goals?
What aspect of tuberculosis is noted as a key difference between infection and disease?
What aspect of tuberculosis is noted as a key difference between infection and disease?
What is the appropriate response if a child experiences a fever after receiving the anti-measles vaccine?
What is the appropriate response if a child experiences a fever after receiving the anti-measles vaccine?
What should parents do if local soreness at the injection site occurs after vaccination?
What should parents do if local soreness at the injection site occurs after vaccination?
What is a concern if an abscess forms at the injection site a week after vaccination?
What is a concern if an abscess forms at the injection site a week after vaccination?
Which of the following statements regarding convulsions after the pertussis vaccine is accurate?
Which of the following statements regarding convulsions after the pertussis vaccine is accurate?
What symptoms might a child experience after receiving the rotavirus vaccine?
What symptoms might a child experience after receiving the rotavirus vaccine?
How should parents manage local soreness after the administration of tetanus toxoid?
How should parents manage local soreness after the administration of tetanus toxoid?
What is the recommendation if a sick child is well enough to go home regarding immunization?
What is the recommendation if a sick child is well enough to go home regarding immunization?
What specific care should be advised for a child experiencing irritability after the MMR vaccine?
What specific care should be advised for a child experiencing irritability after the MMR vaccine?
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Study Notes
Immunization Coverage in the Philippines
- In 2008, the Philippines had an immunization coverage of 85% for children aged 12-23 months.
- The immunization coverage for children has improved since 2003.
- By 2009, 76% of births were protected against neonatal tetanus.
- Tetanus toxoid (TT) coverage varied across regions, with the lowest coverage in ARMM (39%) and the highest in Central Visayas and Cagayan Valley (88%).
- The lowest TT coverage was among women with a high school education (80%).
Legislation Supporting Immunizations
- The Mandatory Infants and Children Health Immunization Act of 2011 (RA 10152) mandates basic immunization for children, covering diseases like measles, rubella, hepatitis B, and others.
- It requires government hospitals and health centers to provide free basic immunizations to children up to 5 years old.
- RA 7846 mandates compulsory hepatitis B immunization for infants and children under 8 years old.
- Babies born to mothers with hepatitis B must be immunized within 24 hours of birth.
Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) Goals
- Immunize all infants/children against vaccine-preventable diseases
- Maintain polio-free status in the Philippines
- Eliminate measles infection
- Eliminate maternal and neonatal tetanus
- Control diphtheria, pertussis, hepatitis B, and German measles
- Prevent extrapulmonary tuberculosis among children
Tuberculosis (TB)
- Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, infecting nearly 2 billion people globally.
- Led to over 3 million deaths in 1995.
- Primarily affects the lungs, but can impact bones, joints, and the brain.
- Infection vs. disease: infection does not cause illness, but can last a lifetime.
- People with only TB infection cannot spread the disease.
- Spreads through the air, particularly in crowded areas with poor access to healthcare and malnutrition.
Vaccine Administration
- All EPI antigens are safe and effective when administered simultaneously at different sites.
- Do not mix different vaccines in one syringe before injection.
- Use a dedicated dropper for each child for oral polio vaccine (OPV).
- Only monovalent hepatitis B vaccine must be used for the birth dose.
- Pentavalent vaccines should not be used for the birth dose.
Schedule and Catch-up Immunizations
- If a child misses AMV1, they should receive it as soon as possible, followed by AMV2 one month later.
- Children entering daycare centers, preschool, and Grade 1 should be screened for measles immunization.
- The first dose of Rotavirus vaccine must be given to infants aged 6-15 weeks.
- The second dose of Rotavirus vaccine must be given to infants aged 10-32 weeks.
Vaccine Side Effects and Management
- Koch's phenomenon (BCG): Acute inflammatory reaction within 2-4 days, often indicates previous TB exposure.
- Deep abscess (BCG): Refer to a physician for incision and drainage.
- Indolent ulceration (BCG): Treat with INH powder.
- Fever (DPT-HepB-Hib): Advise parents to give antipyretics.
- Local soreness (most vaccines): Reassure parents and advise cold compresses.
- Anti-measles vaccine: May cause mild rash and fever, reassure parents and advise antipyretics.
Contraindications
- There are generally no contraindications to immunizing a sick child if they are well enough to be at home.
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