Immunity and Immune Response

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Questions and Answers

What are the big differences between Cell-mediated immunity Vs Antibody-Mediated (humoral) immunity?

Cell-mediated immunity involves immune responses with cytolytic T cells and macrophages directly attacking targets, while Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies.

What do B lymphocyte cells do?

They produce antibodies.

What is the first class antibody that will respond to an antigen (virus)?

IgM.

What is an Antigen?

Molecules that induce specific immune responses. Signup and view all the answers

Antigens may trigger what?

Production of antibodies, cytotoxic T cells, or both. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Active and Passive immunity?

Active immunity is a response to infection or vaccine, while Passive immunity involves receiving antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

When is giving a live virus vaccination dangerous?

When the patient is immunocompromised. Signup and view all the answers

What is a toxoid?

A bacterial toxin that has been changed to a nontoxic form. Signup and view all the answers

What are Specific Immune Globulins?

Preparations with high antibody concentrations against specific antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What is a severe side effect of the MMR vaccine?

Anaphylaxis. Signup and view all the answers

What is a severe side effect of the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine?

Acute encephalopathy. Signup and view all the answers

What is a severe side effect of the poliovirus vaccine?

Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. Signup and view all the answers

To help reduce the fever from a vaccine, should the patient take acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or aspirin?

No, this is not recommended. Signup and view all the answers

A person with an anaphylactic reaction to Baker yeast should avoid what vaccine?

Hepatitis B vaccine. Signup and view all the answers

A person with an anaphylactic reaction to neomycin should avoid what vaccines?

IPV, MMR, and Varicella. Signup and view all the answers

Persons with an anaphylactic reaction to streptomycin or bacitracin should avoid?

IPV (poliovirus vaccine). Signup and view all the answers

Persons with an anaphylactic reaction to gelatin should avoid?

Varicella and MMR. Signup and view all the answers

Is the MMR vaccine Live or dead virus?

It is a live virus. Signup and view all the answers

What are the contraindications for giving the MMR vaccine?

Pregnancy, severe immunodeficiency, anaphylactic reaction to gelatin, eggs, or neomycin. Signup and view all the answers

Is a fever of 103 a serious side effect of the MMR vaccine?

No, it's not a serious side effect. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 types of vaccines for Diphtheria and tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine?

DTaP, DT, Tdap, TD. Signup and view all the answers

What is a severe adverse effect of Diphtheria and tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine?

Anaphylactic reaction and encephalopathy. Signup and view all the answers

Polio Vaccine is devoid of serious side effects but who should you not give this to?

Children with allergies to streptomycin, neomycin, bacitracin. Signup and view all the answers

Because the Varicella Virus Vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine what is the recommendation?

Avoid close contact with susceptible high-risk individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Why should you tell the patient receiving the Varicella vaccine to not take aspirin for 6 weeks?

Due to Reye syndrome. Signup and view all the answers

Because the Varicella vaccine is a live Virus Vaccine what are the contraindications?

Pregnancy, cancers, hypersensitivity to neomycin or gelatin, immunocompromised. Signup and view all the answers

Is the Hepatitis B Vaccine a live virus?

No, it is not a live virus. Signup and view all the answers

What are the contraindications when given the Hepatitis B vaccine?

Previous anaphylaxis reaction, allergy to Baker's yeast. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following programming languages with their primary usage:

Python = General-purpose programming JavaScript = Client-side scripting for web applications SQL = Database queries CSS = Styling web pages Signup and view all the answers

Is the Influenza Vaccine a live Vaccine?

No Signup and view all the answers

What is a severe risk even though rare of the Flu Vaccine?

Gillian-Barre Syndrome. Signup and view all the answers

Is the Rotavirus Vaccine a live Virus Vaccine?

Yes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a rare but life-threatening Intussusception side effect of Rotarix, RotaTeq?

Intussusception. Signup and view all the answers

Who is recommended for the HPV vaccine and what precaution should be taken?

Males and females 9-45, lay patient down due to risk of fainting. Signup and view all the answers

When you have an allergic reaction what Antibodies are released?

IgE. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of Antihistamines and their uses?

Histamine-1 (H1) for allergies, motion sickness, insomnia; Histamine-2 (H2) for ulcers. Signup and view all the answers

What are the Adverse reactions of H1 Antihistamines and some brand names?

Sedation, dizziness, constipation, dry mucous membranes. First-generation: Brompheniramine, Diphenhydramine, Promethazine, Hydroxyzine; Second-generation: Cetirizine, Fexofenadine. Signup and view all the answers

Can Antihistamines be prescribed to infants and children over 6 months?

Yes, with caution and smaller doses due to sedative effects. Signup and view all the answers

Even though Antihistamines can be given to children in small doses, what brand should not be given due to risks?

Promethazine. Signup and view all the answers

When prescribing Antihistamines to pregnant women, breastfeeding, and older adults, what should be considered?

Use with extreme caution due to varying risks. Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?

Non-selective central and peripheral H1 receptor antagonism; anticholinergic properties. Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication of Diphenhydramine?

Children under 2 years of age. Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of Cetirizine (Zyrtec)?

Selective peripheral histamine H1 receptor antagonism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the indication for Cetirizine (Zyrtec)?

Hepatic and renal impairment in children less than 6 years; measure baseline creatinine. Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored when the patient is on Cetirizine (Zyrtec)?

Side effects and lab interpretation: Creatinine. Signup and view all the answers

What should you be monitoring when a patient is taking Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?

Monitor for side effects, including drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immune Response

Cell-mediated immunity: targets are attacked directly by immune system cells, specifically cytolytic T cells and macrophages
Humoral immunity: immune responses mediated by antibodies

B Lymphocyte Cells

Produce antibodies

Antibody Response

IgM: first class antibody to respond to an antigen (virus)

Antigens

Molecules that induce specific immune responses and become the target of those responses
Can trigger production of antibodies, cytotoxic T cells, or both

Immunity Types

Active immunity: response to infection, vaccine, or toxoid
Passive immunity: given antibodies, provides immediate protection but persists only as long as the antibodies remain in the body

Vaccines

Live virus vaccination: dangerous for immunocompromised patients, as they cannot mount a defense against the live vaccine virus
Toxoid: bacterial toxin changed to a nontoxic form
Specific Immune Globulins: high concentration of antibodies directed against a specific antigen, provides immediate passive immunity

Vaccine Side Effects

MMR vaccine: anaphylaxis
Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine: acute encephalopathy
Poliovirus vaccine: vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis
Fever: mild side effect, not recommended to treat with acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or aspirin

Contraindications

MMR vaccine: pregnancy, severe immunodeficiency, anaphylactic reaction to gelatin, eggs, or neomycin
Hepatitis B vaccine: previous anaphylaxis reaction, allergy to Baker's yeast
Varicella vaccine: pregnancy, cancers, hypersensitivity to neomycin or gelatin, and immunocompromised patients
IPV: anaphylactic reaction to streptomycin, neomycin, or bacitracin
Hepatitis B vaccine: not a live virus, contains hepatitis B surface antigen made from a viral component

Vaccine Types

DTaP: used for routine vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis
DT: used for children younger than 7 who should not get pertussis vaccine
Tdap: used as a booster in adolescents and adults to protect against all three diseases
TD: used as a booster for adolescents and adults to protect against tetanus and diphtheria, but not pertussis
Poliovirus vaccine: IPV contains trace amounts of streptomycin, neomycin, and bacitracin, children with an allergy to these drugs should be monitored

Special Considerations

Varicella vaccine: avoid close contact with susceptible high-risk individuals, including pregnant women, neonates, and immunocompromised people
Hepatitis B vaccine: not recommended for patients with an anaphylactic reaction to Baker's yeast
MMR vaccine: contraindicated in pregnancy, severe immunodeficiency, and anaphylactic reaction to gelatin, eggs, or neomycin

Antihistamines

Histamine-1 (H1) antagonist: produces a selective blockade of H1 receptors, used for treatment of seasonal allergies, motion sickness, and insomnia
Histamine-2 (H2) antagonist: produces a selective blockade of H2 receptors, used for treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers
Adverse reactions: sedation, dizziness, constipation, dry mucous membranes
Brand names: Benadryl, Bromfed, DM, Phenergan, Vistaril, Zyrtec, Allegra
Contraindications: children under 2 years of age, pregnant women, breastfeeding, and older adults should be used with extreme caution

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Description

Quiz on different types of immunity, including cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity, and the role of B lymphocyte cells.