Immunity and Immune Response
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Questions and Answers

What are the big differences between Cell-mediated immunity Vs Antibody-Mediated (humoral) immunity?

Cell-mediated immunity involves immune responses with cytolytic T cells and macrophages directly attacking targets, while Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies.

What do B lymphocyte cells do?

They produce antibodies.

What is the first class antibody that will respond to an antigen (virus)?

IgM.

What is an Antigen?

<p>Molecules that induce specific immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antigens may trigger what?

<p>Production of antibodies, cytotoxic T cells, or both.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Active and Passive immunity?

<p>Active immunity is a response to infection or vaccine, while Passive immunity involves receiving antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is giving a live virus vaccination dangerous?

<p>When the patient is immunocompromised.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a toxoid?

<p>A bacterial toxin that has been changed to a nontoxic form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Specific Immune Globulins?

<p>Preparations with high antibody concentrations against specific antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a severe side effect of the MMR vaccine?

<p>Anaphylaxis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a severe side effect of the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine?

<p>Acute encephalopathy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a severe side effect of the poliovirus vaccine?

<p>Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

To help reduce the fever from a vaccine, should the patient take acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or aspirin?

<p>No, this is not recommended.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person with an anaphylactic reaction to Baker yeast should avoid what vaccine?

<p>Hepatitis B vaccine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person with an anaphylactic reaction to neomycin should avoid what vaccines?

<p>IPV, MMR, and Varicella.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Persons with an anaphylactic reaction to streptomycin or bacitracin should avoid?

<p>IPV (poliovirus vaccine).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Persons with an anaphylactic reaction to gelatin should avoid?

<p>Varicella and MMR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the MMR vaccine Live or dead virus?

<p>It is a live virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the contraindications for giving the MMR vaccine?

<p>Pregnancy, severe immunodeficiency, anaphylactic reaction to gelatin, eggs, or neomycin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is a fever of 103 a serious side effect of the MMR vaccine?

<p>No, it's not a serious side effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 types of vaccines for Diphtheria and tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine?

<p>DTaP, DT, Tdap, TD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a severe adverse effect of Diphtheria and tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine?

<p>Anaphylactic reaction and encephalopathy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polio Vaccine is devoid of serious side effects but who should you not give this to?

<p>Children with allergies to streptomycin, neomycin, bacitracin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Because the Varicella Virus Vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine what is the recommendation?

<p>Avoid close contact with susceptible high-risk individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should you tell the patient receiving the Varicella vaccine to not take aspirin for 6 weeks?

<p>Due to Reye syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Because the Varicella vaccine is a live Virus Vaccine what are the contraindications?

<p>Pregnancy, cancers, hypersensitivity to neomycin or gelatin, immunocompromised.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the Hepatitis B Vaccine a live virus?

<p>No, it is not a live virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the contraindications when given the Hepatitis B vaccine?

<p>Previous anaphylaxis reaction, allergy to Baker's yeast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following programming languages with their primary usage:

<p>Python = General-purpose programming JavaScript = Client-side scripting for web applications SQL = Database queries CSS = Styling web pages</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the Influenza Vaccine a live Vaccine?

<p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a severe risk even though rare of the Flu Vaccine?

<p>Gillian-Barre Syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the Rotavirus Vaccine a live Virus Vaccine?

<p>Yes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a rare but life-threatening Intussusception side effect of Rotarix, RotaTeq?

<p>Intussusception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is recommended for the HPV vaccine and what precaution should be taken?

<p>Males and females 9-45, lay patient down due to risk of fainting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When you have an allergic reaction what Antibodies are released?

<p>IgE.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of Antihistamines and their uses?

<p>Histamine-1 (H1) for allergies, motion sickness, insomnia; Histamine-2 (H2) for ulcers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the Adverse reactions of H1 Antihistamines and some brand names?

<p>Sedation, dizziness, constipation, dry mucous membranes. First-generation: Brompheniramine, Diphenhydramine, Promethazine, Hydroxyzine; Second-generation: Cetirizine, Fexofenadine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can Antihistamines be prescribed to infants and children over 6 months?

<p>Yes, with caution and smaller doses due to sedative effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Even though Antihistamines can be given to children in small doses, what brand should not be given due to risks?

<p>Promethazine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When prescribing Antihistamines to pregnant women, breastfeeding, and older adults, what should be considered?

<p>Use with extreme caution due to varying risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?

<p>Non-selective central and peripheral H1 receptor antagonism; anticholinergic properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication of Diphenhydramine?

<p>Children under 2 years of age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of Cetirizine (Zyrtec)?

<p>Selective peripheral histamine H1 receptor antagonism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the indication for Cetirizine (Zyrtec)?

<p>Hepatic and renal impairment in children less than 6 years; measure baseline creatinine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored when the patient is on Cetirizine (Zyrtec)?

<p>Side effects and lab interpretation: Creatinine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you be monitoring when a patient is taking Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?

<p>Monitor for side effects, including drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immune Response

  • Cell-mediated immunity: targets are attacked directly by immune system cells, specifically cytolytic T cells and macrophages
  • Humoral immunity: immune responses mediated by antibodies

B Lymphocyte Cells

  • Produce antibodies

Antibody Response

  • IgM: first class antibody to respond to an antigen (virus)

Antigens

  • Molecules that induce specific immune responses and become the target of those responses
  • Can trigger production of antibodies, cytotoxic T cells, or both

Immunity Types

  • Active immunity: response to infection, vaccine, or toxoid
  • Passive immunity: given antibodies, provides immediate protection but persists only as long as the antibodies remain in the body

Vaccines

  • Live virus vaccination: dangerous for immunocompromised patients, as they cannot mount a defense against the live vaccine virus
  • Toxoid: bacterial toxin changed to a nontoxic form
  • Specific Immune Globulins: high concentration of antibodies directed against a specific antigen, provides immediate passive immunity

Vaccine Side Effects

  • MMR vaccine: anaphylaxis
  • Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine: acute encephalopathy
  • Poliovirus vaccine: vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis
  • Fever: mild side effect, not recommended to treat with acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or aspirin

Contraindications

  • MMR vaccine: pregnancy, severe immunodeficiency, anaphylactic reaction to gelatin, eggs, or neomycin
  • Hepatitis B vaccine: previous anaphylaxis reaction, allergy to Baker's yeast
  • Varicella vaccine: pregnancy, cancers, hypersensitivity to neomycin or gelatin, and immunocompromised patients
  • IPV: anaphylactic reaction to streptomycin, neomycin, or bacitracin
  • Hepatitis B vaccine: not a live virus, contains hepatitis B surface antigen made from a viral component

Vaccine Types

  • DTaP: used for routine vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis
  • DT: used for children younger than 7 who should not get pertussis vaccine
  • Tdap: used as a booster in adolescents and adults to protect against all three diseases
  • TD: used as a booster for adolescents and adults to protect against tetanus and diphtheria, but not pertussis
  • Poliovirus vaccine: IPV contains trace amounts of streptomycin, neomycin, and bacitracin, children with an allergy to these drugs should be monitored

Special Considerations

  • Varicella vaccine: avoid close contact with susceptible high-risk individuals, including pregnant women, neonates, and immunocompromised people
  • Hepatitis B vaccine: not recommended for patients with an anaphylactic reaction to Baker's yeast
  • MMR vaccine: contraindicated in pregnancy, severe immunodeficiency, and anaphylactic reaction to gelatin, eggs, or neomycin

Antihistamines

  • Histamine-1 (H1) antagonist: produces a selective blockade of H1 receptors, used for treatment of seasonal allergies, motion sickness, and insomnia
  • Histamine-2 (H2) antagonist: produces a selective blockade of H2 receptors, used for treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers
  • Adverse reactions: sedation, dizziness, constipation, dry mucous membranes
  • Brand names: Benadryl, Bromfed, DM, Phenergan, Vistaril, Zyrtec, Allegra
  • Contraindications: children under 2 years of age, pregnant women, breastfeeding, and older adults should be used with extreme caution

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Quiz on different types of immunity, including cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity, and the role of B lymphocyte cells.

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