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Questions and Answers
What are the big differences between Cell-mediated immunity Vs Antibody-Mediated (humoral) immunity?
What are the big differences between Cell-mediated immunity Vs Antibody-Mediated (humoral) immunity?
Cell-mediated immunity involves immune responses with cytolytic T cells and macrophages directly attacking targets, while Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies.
What do B lymphocyte cells do?
What do B lymphocyte cells do?
They produce antibodies.
What is the first class antibody that will respond to an antigen (virus)?
What is the first class antibody that will respond to an antigen (virus)?
IgM.
What is an Antigen?
What is an Antigen?
Antigens may trigger what?
Antigens may trigger what?
What is the difference between Active and Passive immunity?
What is the difference between Active and Passive immunity?
When is giving a live virus vaccination dangerous?
When is giving a live virus vaccination dangerous?
What is a toxoid?
What is a toxoid?
What are Specific Immune Globulins?
What are Specific Immune Globulins?
What is a severe side effect of the MMR vaccine?
What is a severe side effect of the MMR vaccine?
What is a severe side effect of the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine?
What is a severe side effect of the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine?
What is a severe side effect of the poliovirus vaccine?
What is a severe side effect of the poliovirus vaccine?
To help reduce the fever from a vaccine, should the patient take acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or aspirin?
To help reduce the fever from a vaccine, should the patient take acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or aspirin?
A person with an anaphylactic reaction to Baker yeast should avoid what vaccine?
A person with an anaphylactic reaction to Baker yeast should avoid what vaccine?
A person with an anaphylactic reaction to neomycin should avoid what vaccines?
A person with an anaphylactic reaction to neomycin should avoid what vaccines?
Persons with an anaphylactic reaction to streptomycin or bacitracin should avoid?
Persons with an anaphylactic reaction to streptomycin or bacitracin should avoid?
Persons with an anaphylactic reaction to gelatin should avoid?
Persons with an anaphylactic reaction to gelatin should avoid?
Is the MMR vaccine Live or dead virus?
Is the MMR vaccine Live or dead virus?
What are the contraindications for giving the MMR vaccine?
What are the contraindications for giving the MMR vaccine?
Is a fever of 103 a serious side effect of the MMR vaccine?
Is a fever of 103 a serious side effect of the MMR vaccine?
What are the 4 types of vaccines for Diphtheria and tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine?
What are the 4 types of vaccines for Diphtheria and tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine?
What is a severe adverse effect of Diphtheria and tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine?
What is a severe adverse effect of Diphtheria and tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine?
Polio Vaccine is devoid of serious side effects but who should you not give this to?
Polio Vaccine is devoid of serious side effects but who should you not give this to?
Because the Varicella Virus Vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine what is the recommendation?
Because the Varicella Virus Vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine what is the recommendation?
Why should you tell the patient receiving the Varicella vaccine to not take aspirin for 6 weeks?
Why should you tell the patient receiving the Varicella vaccine to not take aspirin for 6 weeks?
Because the Varicella vaccine is a live Virus Vaccine what are the contraindications?
Because the Varicella vaccine is a live Virus Vaccine what are the contraindications?
Is the Hepatitis B Vaccine a live virus?
Is the Hepatitis B Vaccine a live virus?
What are the contraindications when given the Hepatitis B vaccine?
What are the contraindications when given the Hepatitis B vaccine?
Match the following programming languages with their primary usage:
Match the following programming languages with their primary usage:
Is the Influenza Vaccine a live Vaccine?
Is the Influenza Vaccine a live Vaccine?
What is a severe risk even though rare of the Flu Vaccine?
What is a severe risk even though rare of the Flu Vaccine?
Is the Rotavirus Vaccine a live Virus Vaccine?
Is the Rotavirus Vaccine a live Virus Vaccine?
What is a rare but life-threatening Intussusception side effect of Rotarix, RotaTeq?
What is a rare but life-threatening Intussusception side effect of Rotarix, RotaTeq?
Who is recommended for the HPV vaccine and what precaution should be taken?
Who is recommended for the HPV vaccine and what precaution should be taken?
When you have an allergic reaction what Antibodies are released?
When you have an allergic reaction what Antibodies are released?
What are the two types of Antihistamines and their uses?
What are the two types of Antihistamines and their uses?
What are the Adverse reactions of H1 Antihistamines and some brand names?
What are the Adverse reactions of H1 Antihistamines and some brand names?
Can Antihistamines be prescribed to infants and children over 6 months?
Can Antihistamines be prescribed to infants and children over 6 months?
Even though Antihistamines can be given to children in small doses, what brand should not be given due to risks?
Even though Antihistamines can be given to children in small doses, what brand should not be given due to risks?
When prescribing Antihistamines to pregnant women, breastfeeding, and older adults, what should be considered?
When prescribing Antihistamines to pregnant women, breastfeeding, and older adults, what should be considered?
What is the MOA of Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?
What is the MOA of Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?
What is a contraindication of Diphenhydramine?
What is a contraindication of Diphenhydramine?
What is the MOA of Cetirizine (Zyrtec)?
What is the MOA of Cetirizine (Zyrtec)?
What is the indication for Cetirizine (Zyrtec)?
What is the indication for Cetirizine (Zyrtec)?
What should be monitored when the patient is on Cetirizine (Zyrtec)?
What should be monitored when the patient is on Cetirizine (Zyrtec)?
What should you be monitoring when a patient is taking Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?
What should you be monitoring when a patient is taking Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?
Study Notes
Immune Response
- Cell-mediated immunity: targets are attacked directly by immune system cells, specifically cytolytic T cells and macrophages
- Humoral immunity: immune responses mediated by antibodies
B Lymphocyte Cells
- Produce antibodies
Antibody Response
- IgM: first class antibody to respond to an antigen (virus)
Antigens
- Molecules that induce specific immune responses and become the target of those responses
- Can trigger production of antibodies, cytotoxic T cells, or both
Immunity Types
- Active immunity: response to infection, vaccine, or toxoid
- Passive immunity: given antibodies, provides immediate protection but persists only as long as the antibodies remain in the body
Vaccines
- Live virus vaccination: dangerous for immunocompromised patients, as they cannot mount a defense against the live vaccine virus
- Toxoid: bacterial toxin changed to a nontoxic form
- Specific Immune Globulins: high concentration of antibodies directed against a specific antigen, provides immediate passive immunity
Vaccine Side Effects
- MMR vaccine: anaphylaxis
- Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine: acute encephalopathy
- Poliovirus vaccine: vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis
- Fever: mild side effect, not recommended to treat with acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or aspirin
Contraindications
- MMR vaccine: pregnancy, severe immunodeficiency, anaphylactic reaction to gelatin, eggs, or neomycin
- Hepatitis B vaccine: previous anaphylaxis reaction, allergy to Baker's yeast
- Varicella vaccine: pregnancy, cancers, hypersensitivity to neomycin or gelatin, and immunocompromised patients
- IPV: anaphylactic reaction to streptomycin, neomycin, or bacitracin
- Hepatitis B vaccine: not a live virus, contains hepatitis B surface antigen made from a viral component
Vaccine Types
- DTaP: used for routine vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis
- DT: used for children younger than 7 who should not get pertussis vaccine
- Tdap: used as a booster in adolescents and adults to protect against all three diseases
- TD: used as a booster for adolescents and adults to protect against tetanus and diphtheria, but not pertussis
- Poliovirus vaccine: IPV contains trace amounts of streptomycin, neomycin, and bacitracin, children with an allergy to these drugs should be monitored
Special Considerations
- Varicella vaccine: avoid close contact with susceptible high-risk individuals, including pregnant women, neonates, and immunocompromised people
- Hepatitis B vaccine: not recommended for patients with an anaphylactic reaction to Baker's yeast
- MMR vaccine: contraindicated in pregnancy, severe immunodeficiency, and anaphylactic reaction to gelatin, eggs, or neomycin
Antihistamines
- Histamine-1 (H1) antagonist: produces a selective blockade of H1 receptors, used for treatment of seasonal allergies, motion sickness, and insomnia
- Histamine-2 (H2) antagonist: produces a selective blockade of H2 receptors, used for treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers
- Adverse reactions: sedation, dizziness, constipation, dry mucous membranes
- Brand names: Benadryl, Bromfed, DM, Phenergan, Vistaril, Zyrtec, Allegra
- Contraindications: children under 2 years of age, pregnant women, breastfeeding, and older adults should be used with extreme caution
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Description
Quiz on different types of immunity, including cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity, and the role of B lymphocyte cells.
