Test 3 questions.docx

Test 3 questions 1. **What are the big differences between Cell-mediated immunity Vs Antibody-Mediated (humoral) immunity?** Cell-mediated immunity refers to immune responses in which targets are attacked directly by immune system cells -- specifically, cytolytic T cells and macrop...

Test 3 questions 1. **What are the big differences between Cell-mediated immunity Vs Antibody-Mediated (humoral) immunity?** Cell-mediated immunity refers to immune responses in which targets are attacked directly by immune system cells -- specifically, cytolytic T cells and macrophages. Humoral immunity refers to immune responses that are mediated by antibodies. 2. **What do B lymphocyte cells do?** They produce antibodies 3. **What is the first class antibody that will respond to a antigen (virus)?** IgM 4. **What is an Antigen?** Molecules that induce specific immune responses and as a result become the target of those responses. 5. **Antigens may trigger what?** Production of antibodies, cytotoxic T cells, or both. 6. **What is the difference between Active and Passive immunity?** Active immunity is the response to infection, vaccine, or toxoid. Passive is when a patient is given antibodies. Unlike active passive protects immediately but persists only as long as the antibodies remain in the body. 7. **When is giving a live virus vaccination dangerous?** When the patient is immunocompromised because they cannot mount a defense against the life vaccine virus. 8. **What is a toxoid?** A toxoid is a bacterial toxin that has been changed to a nontoxic form. 9. **What are Specific Immune Globulins?** These preparations contain a high concentration of antibodies directed against a specific antigen (e.g., hepatitis B virus). Administration provides immediate passive immunity. These preparations are made from donated blood. This is passive immunity. 10. **What is a severe side effect of the MMR vaccine?** Anaphylaxis 11. **What is a severe side effect of the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine?** Acute encephalopathy 12. **What is a severe side effect of the poliovirus vaccine?** Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis 13. **To help reduce the fever that is a mild side effect from a vaccine should the patient take a routine Paralytic (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, asrpin)?** No, this is not recommended 14. **A person with an anaphylactic reaction to Baker yeast should avoid what vaccine?** Hepatitis B vaccine. 15. **A person with an anaphylactic reaction to neomycin should avoid what vaccine?** IPV, MMR, and Varicella. 16. **Persons with an anaphylactic reaction to streptomycin or bacitracin should avoid?** IPV (poliovirus vaccine). 17. **Persons with an anaphylactic reaction to gelatin should avoid?** varicella and MMR. 18. **Is the MMR vaccine Live or dead virus?** It is a live virus 19. **What are the contraindications for giving the MMR vaccine?** Pregnancy, severe immunodeficiency, and anaphylactic reaction to gelatin, eggs, or neomycin. 20. **Is s fever of 103 a serious side effect of the MMR vaccine?** No its not a serious side effect but is important to warn patients and parents that this can happen but its not a serious reaction. 21. **What are the 4 types of vaccines for Diphtheria and tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine?** DTaP (used for routine vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, DT (children younger than 7 who should not get pertussis vaccine), Tdap (used as a booster in adolescents and adults to protect against all three diseases), and TD used as a booster for adolescents and adults to protect against tetanus and diphtheria, but not pertussis). 22. **What is severe adverse effect of Diphtheria and tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine?** Anaphylactic reaction and encephalopathy. 23. **Polio Vaccine is devoid of serious side effects but who should you not give this to?** IPV contains trace amounts of streptomycin, neomycin, and bacitracin. Children with an allergy to these drugs should be monitored. 24. **Because the Varicella Virus Vaccine is a life, attenuated vaccine what is the recommendation?** Because it is a life, attenuated vaccine theoretically it can be spread. Therefore it is recommended that those who received the vaccine avoid close contact with those who are susceptible high-risk individuals which include pregnant women, neonates and immunocompromised people. 25. **Why should you tell the patient receiving the Varicella vaccine (Varivax and proQuad) to not take aspirin for 6 weeks?** Due to Reye syndrome. 26. **Because the Varicella vaccine ( Varivax, ProQuad) is a live Vaccine what are the contraindications?** Pregnancy, cancers, hypersensitivity to neomycin or gelatin and immunocompromised patients. 27. **Is the Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombivax in children, Engerix-B in adults) a live virus?** No, it contains hepatitis B surface antigen made from a viral component and cannot cause disease. 28. **What are the contraindications when given the Hepatitis B vaccine?** Previous anaphylaxis reaction and allergy to Baker's yeast. 29. **What are the two types of Pneumococcal Conjugate vaccine (PCV)?** Children its Prevnar 13(PCV13) and adults its Pneumovax (PPSV23). 30. **Who should be recommended to receive the Meningococcal conjugate vaccine?** Aged 11-12 and booster at 16, Military recruits, microbiologist, anyone traveling to areas where meningococcal disease is common and those who have spleen injury or removed spleen. 31. **Is the Influenza Vaccine a live Vaccine?** There are two types of Flu Vaccines the Live (FluMist intranasal) and dead inactivated virus vaccines (Fluzone, Fluvirin, Trivalent, and Quadrivalent). Remember you want to give the inactive vaccine to at risk populations (pregnant women children under 5, elderly above 65, obese and immunocompromised. 32. **What is a severe risk even though rare of the Flu Vaccine?** Gillian-Barre Syndrome (neurological symptoms include weakness tingling, vision difficulties, issues swallowing, speaking, sever pain) 33. **Is the Rotavirus Vaccine (Rotarix, RotaTeq) a live Virus Vaccine?** Yes 34. **What is a rare but life-threatening Intussusception side effect of Rotarix, RotaQue?** intussusception, a rare, life-threatening form of bowel obstruction that occurs when the bowel folds in on itself, like a collapsing telescope. 35. **Who is recommended for the HPV vaccine and what should you do when giving it?** Males and females 9-45 and due to a risk of fainting when giving it, make sure to lay your patient down when giving it. 36. **When you have an allergic reaction what Antibodies are released?** IgE, when you think allergies think IgE. 37. **What are the two types of Antihistamines and what do they do?** Jistamine-1 (H1) produces a selective blockade of Hi receptors. This is more like treatment for your seasonal allergies, motion sickness and insomnia (think Benadryl). Histamine-2(H2) antagonist produces selective blockade of h2 receptors, used for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers, not used for allergies. 38. **What are Adverse reactions of H1 Antihistamines and what are the brand names?** Sedation dizziness, constipation, dry mucous membranes. First-generation, Brompheniramine (Bromfed, DM) Diphenhydramine (Benadryl), Promethazine (Phenergan), Hydroxyzine (Vistaril), and second-generation (little to no sedation) Cetrizine (Zyrtec), Fexofenadine (allegra) and Fexofenadine which is the least sedating. 39. **Can Antihistamines be prescribed to infants and children over 6 months of age?** Yes but using extreme caution and smaller doses due to the sedative effect. 40. **Even though Antihistamines an be given to children safely in small doses what brand should not be given due to deaths?** Promethazine is contraindicated in children younger than 2 years because deaths have occurred in this population. 41. **Antihistimes when used with pregnant women, breastfeeding and older adults what should be considered**? Debate is ongoing for pregnant women but if prescribed should be used with extreme caution in both pregnancy and breastfeeding. Older adults is on the BEER criteria and if given use in small dosages. 42. **What is the MOA of Diphenhydramine (Benadry)?** Non-selectively antagonizes central and peripheral H1 receptors; suppresses cough center; possesses anticholinergic properties 43. **What is a contraindications of Diphenhydramine?** Children under 2 years of age. 44. **What is the MOA of Cetirizine (Zyrtec)?** Selectively antagonizes peripheral histamine H1 receptors 45. **What is the indication for Cetirizine (Zyrtec)?** Hepatic and renal impairment in children less than 6 years. Should have a baseline creatin level before starting. 46. **What should be monitoring when the patient is on Cetririzine (Zyrtec)?** Side Effects: Drowsiness, headache, abdominal pain, dry mucous membranes, dizziness, Lab interpretation: Creatinine 47. **What should you be monitoring when a patient is aking Diphenydramine (Benadryl)?** : Monitor for side effects including drowsiness, dizziness, dry mucous membranes, constipation, urinary retention