70 Questions
Innate immunity is a defense system that operates in all animals and includes barrier defenses, specialized cells, and chemical ______.
defenses
What is the function of B cells in the immune system?
To target pathogens circulating in body fluids
B cells destroy pathogens circulating in ______ fluids while T cells target pathogens hiding within body cells. (body)
True or false: B cells and T cells recognize specific parts of non-specific molecules on the surface of specific pathogens.
False
What are lymphocytes?
Cells of the adaptive immune system
What are the two types of immune system?
Innate and adaptive immunity
True or false: Adaptive immunity is a defense system that operates in all animals.
False
The proliferation phase is called ______ selection. (clonal)
What do B and T cells recognize?
Specific parts of specific molecules on the surface of specific pathogens
What is the difference between B cell and T cell antigen receptors?
B cell receptors are Y-shaped and composed of 4 polypeptides, while T cell receptors are stick-like and composed of just two polypeptides.
Which defense system is exclusive to vertebrates?
Adaptive immunity
The immune system can be split into innate and adaptive ______.
immunity
True or false: Invertebrates have innate defenses that include barrier defenses, specialized cells, and chemical defenses.
True
True or false: B cell antigen receptors are stick-like and composed of just two polypeptides, while T cell antigen receptors are Y-shaped and composed of 4 polypeptides.
False
The benefits of memory cells is a rapid response upon ______. (re-infection)
What is the difference between B cell and T cell antigen receptors?
B cell receptors are Y-shaped and composed of 4 polypeptides, while T cell receptors are stick-like and composed of just two polypeptides
True or false: B cells target pathogens hiding within body cells, while T cells destroy pathogens circulating in body fluids.
False
What is the purpose of the proliferation phase in the immune response?
To produce effector cells and memory cells
True or false: Mammals do not have an elaborate network of lymph vessels.
False
Invertebrates have innate defenses that include barrier defenses, specialized cells, and chemical ______.
defenses
What are the three types of lymphocytes?
B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells
True or false: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are found inside phagocytic cells.
False
What is the function of B cells?
To destroy pathogens circulating in body fluids
Adaptive immunity is a defense system exclusive to vertebrates and includes B cells, T cells, and ______.
lymphocytes
Which cells are the effector cells of activated B cells?
Plasma cells
What is the function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
To recognize and bind to pathogens
An initial encounter to a novel antigen takes roughly ______ days for B and T cell activation, while upon a second encounter, the response time is just a few short days. (14)
True or false: The proliferation phase of B cells and T cells is called clonal expansion.
True
Which type of immune system defense system operates in all animals?
Innate immunity
True or false: The proliferation stage of B cells and T cells produces three types of cells: effector cells, memory cells, and regulatory cells.
False
True or false: White blood cells include only neutrophils and lymphocytes.
False
Plasma cells are the effector cells of activated B cells, while cytotoxic T cells are the effector cells of activated ______ T cells. (helper)
Mammals have an elaborate network of lymph vessels, primary and secondary tissues of the immune system, and barrier ______.
defenses
What is the name of the proliferation phase?
Clonal selection
What is the role of memory cells in the immune response?
To provide a rapid response upon re-infection
B cell antigen receptors are Y-shaped and composed of 4 polypeptides, while T cell antigen receptors are stick-like and composed of just two ______. (polypeptides)
What are the two types of cells produced during the proliferation stage of B and T cells?
Memory cells and effector cells
What is the function of dendritic cells?
To link innate and adaptive immunity
True or false: Plasma cells are the effector cells of activated T cells, while cytotoxic T cells are the effector cells of activated B cells.
False
How long does it take for B and T cell activation upon an initial encounter to a novel antigen?
Roughly 14 days
Pathogens are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on the ______ of phagocytic cells.
surface
True or false: Dendritic cells function like macrophages and are the link between innate and adaptive immunity.
True
Which cells target pathogens hiding within body cells?
T cells
What are plasma cells?
The effector cells of activated B cells
True or false: Natural killer cells release molecules that destroy bacteria.
False
True or false: Memory cells continue to circulate in high concentrations in the blood until the pathogen is encountered again.
False
Lymphocytes are cells of the ______ immune system. (adaptive)
White blood cells include neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, and ______.
lymphocytes
Which white blood cell releases molecules that destroy virus-infected or cancer cells?
Natural killer cells
The proliferation stage of B cells and T cells produces two types of cells: effector cells and ______ cells. (memory)
What are the protein-based chemical defenses?
Antimicrobial peptides, interferons, and the complement system
True or false: Antimicrobial peptides, interferons, and the complement system are all chemical defenses that are protein-based.
True
Dendritic cells function like macrophages and are the link between innate and ______ immunity.
adaptive
What are memory cells?
Cells that continue to circulate in low concentrations in the blood until the pathogen is encountered again
What is the function of cytotoxic T cells in the immune system?
To target pathogens hiding within body cells
True or false: The benefits of memory cells is a slower response upon re-infection.
False
True or false: An initial encounter to a novel antigen takes roughly 7 days for B and T cell activation, while upon a second encounter, the response time is just a few short days.
False
Natural killer cells release molecules that destroy virus-infected or ______ cells.
cancer
What is the name of the phase in which B and T cells undergo clonal selection?
Proliferation phase
True or false: Innate immunity is a defense system exclusive to vertebrates.
False
What is the benefit of memory cells?
A rapid response upon re-infection
What is the main function of innate immunity?
To provide immediate defense against pathogens
Memory cells continue to circulate in low concentrations in the ______ until the pathogen is encountered again. (blood)
Antimicrobial peptides, interferons, and the complement system are protein-based chemical ______.
defenses
How long does it take for B and T cell activation upon an initial encounter to a novel antigen?
A few weeks
B cells and T cells recognize specific parts of specific molecules on the surface of specific ______. (pathogens)
True or false: B cells and T cells are cells of the innate immune system.
False
How long do memory cells continue to circulate in the blood?
Several months
True or false: The immune system targets and destroys healthy cells in the body.
False
What is the name of the network of lymph vessels and tissues in mammals?
Lymphatic system
Study Notes
- The immune system targets and destroys pathogens that cause disease.
- The immune system can be split into innate and adaptive immunity.
- Innate immunity is a defense system that operates in all animals and includes barrier defenses, specialized cells, and chemical defenses.
- Adaptive immunity is a defense system exclusive to vertebrates and includes B cells, T cells, and lymphocytes.
- Invertebrates have innate defenses that include barrier defenses, specialized cells, and chemical defenses.
- Mammals have an elaborate network of lymph vessels, primary and secondary tissues of the immune system, and barrier defenses.
- Pathogens are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on the surface of phagocytic cells.
- White blood cells include neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes.
- Dendritic cells function like macrophages and are the link between innate and adaptive immunity.
- Natural killer cells release molecules that destroy virus-infected or cancer cells.
- Antimicrobial peptides, interferons, and the complement system are protein-based chemical defenses.
Test your knowledge on the fascinating world of the immune system with this quiz! From innate and adaptive immunity to the various types of white blood cells and chemical defenses, this quiz covers it all. Use your understanding of key terms like dendritic cells, Toll-like receptors, and natural killer cells to answer questions about how the immune system functions and protects us from pathogens. See how much you really know about this complex and essential part of our bodies!
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