Immune System Quiz: Defense Mechanisms

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Questions and Answers

Which line of defence does keratin in the epidermis belong to?

Specific

First (correct)

Third

Second

Lysozymes are present in all of the following except:

Saliva

Urine (correct)

Tears

Nasal secretions

The large granular lymphocytes capable of destroying tumour cells and virus-infected cells are called:

Neutrophils

Natural killer cells (correct)

Macrophages

Monocytes

The main reason for the swelling observed around a wound is due to:

Increased permeability of the blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

The main phagocytic cells involved in the inflammatory response are:

Macrophages and neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

The observed redness around the wound is due to which of the following?

Vasodilation which increases blood flow to the injured site Signup and view all the answers

When a wound is healing by primary intention, one of the advantages includes:

Rapid healing Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following statements is correct regarding inflammation?

It is a localized protective response Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by failure to develop cellular or humoral immunity due to defective B and T cells?

Congenital condition Signup and view all the answers

In an autoimmune disorder, what occurs within the immune system?

Antibodies mistakenly attack the body's own cells and tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a hypersensitivity disorder?

Excessive immune response to a previously encountered antigen, producing inflammation and tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary immune deficiency?

A condition resulting from a genetic defect affecting immune cells Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as a result of excessive immune cell activity?

Increased likelihood of autoimmune reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors does not predispose a patient to a healthcare associated infection (HAI)?

history of never having taken antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What type of transmission is responsible for malaria being transmitted by mosquitoes?

vector transmission Signup and view all the answers

Immunization breaks the chain of infection at which point?

susceptible host Signup and view all the answers

Which is an effective method in preventing cross-infection?

hand hygiene between patient contact Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the lymphatic system?

transport dietary lipids to join the circulatory system Signup and view all the answers

What causes lymph nodes to swell during an infection?

lymphocyte proliferation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not facilitate the flow of lymph along the lymphatic vessels?

sleeping in one position Signup and view all the answers

Which body defense mechanism is considered specific?

Antibody production Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about immunoglobulins is true?

IgE is associated with allergic reactions Signup and view all the answers

What substance is capable of provoking an immune response?

an antigen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not true regarding memory cells?

It is part of the innate defense mechanism Signup and view all the answers

B lymphocytes arise from a stem cell precursor located in the:

red bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

Which cells mainly activate adaptive immunity?

Antigen presenting cells Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes CD4 T cells?

they become T helper cells Signup and view all the answers

What role does inflammation play in the body?

Promotes tissue repair processes Signup and view all the answers

What effect do histamines have during tissue injury?

Increase capillary permeability Signup and view all the answers

Which cells play a major role in the second line of defense of the immune system?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for infections caused by organisms that can become pathogenic under certain conditions?

Opportunistic infections Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not true about microorganisms?

All are unicellular Signup and view all the answers

What are prions made of?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which method does not destroy all pathogenic microorganisms including spores?

Bactericidal antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What is true about viruses?

They invade other cells for reproduction. Signup and view all the answers

Frequent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can lead to which consequence?

Appearance of opportunistic infections Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about probiotics is correct?

They are health-promoting bacteria found in fermented foods. Signup and view all the answers

Where does Staphylococcus aureus commonly live?

On the skin and in some people's noses Signup and view all the answers

What mode of transmission does a handkerchief used after an infected person's sneeze represent?

Indirect contact Signup and view all the answers

How is droplet transmission best controlled?

Covering the mouth when coughing or sneezing Signup and view all the answers

What does an antibiotic sensitivity test determine?

Which antibiotic the pathogen is most sensitive to Signup and view all the answers

What type of infection does not display any signs or symptoms but triggers an immune response?

Subclinical infection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an exogenous infection?

Lung infection from inhaled organisms Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

First Line of Defence

Keratin in the epidermis is part of the first line of defence against pathogens.
Lysozyme is an enzyme found in saliva, tears, nasal secretions and urine which acts as a natural defence.

Second Line of Defence

Natural killer cells are large granular lymphocytes that destroy tumour cells and virus-infected cells.
Inflammation is a second line of defence that promotes tissue repair.
The main phagocytic cells involved in inflammation are macrophages and neutrophils.
Vasodilation increases blood flow to the injured site, causing redness.
Histamines, released during tissue injury, increase capillary permeability, allowing fluid to leak into the tissue, causing swelling.
Neutrophils play a major role in the second line of defence.

Third Line of Defence

Lymph node swelling during infection is due to lymphocyte proliferation.
The flow of lymph is facilitated by pulsations of nearby arteries, valves to prevent backflow, and the milking action of skeletal muscles.
Antibody production is a specific body defence mechanism.
Antibodies are immunoglobulins.
IgE is associated with allergic reactions.
An antigen is a substance that can provoke an immune response.
Memory cells establish immunity against a previously encountered pathogen by achieving a stronger and faster response.
B lymphocytes arise in the red bone marrow.
The adaptive immune system is mainly activated by antigen-presenting cells.
CD4 T cells become helper T cells
The adaptive immune system is categorised into humoral and cellular immunity.

Immune Responses

The cell-mediated immune response involves the activation of T lymphocytes against pathogens.
Antigen encounter and activation occurs in the lymph nodes.
Passive immunity is associated with the transfer of IgG from the mother to her foetus.
CD4 lymphocytes are specifically destroyed by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Infectious Diseases

Opportunistic infections are caused by organisms that do not usually cause disease, but become pathogenic under certain conditions such as immunosuppression.
Prions are infectious particles made up of proteins rather than DNA or RNA.
Viruses invade other cells for reproduction and cannot survive outside a host cell.
Frequent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can disrupt the natural balance of gut flora and potentially lead to opportunistic infections.
Probiotics are health-promoting bacteria commonly found in fermented foods.
Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterium that lives naturally on the skin and in some people's noses.
Droplet transmission of pathogenic microorganisms is best controlled by covering the mouth when coughing or sneezing.
An antibiotic sensitivity test determines the antibiotic the pathogen is most sensitive to.
A subclinical infection does not display any signs and symptoms, but elicits an immune response.
An exogenous infection is an infection of a surgical wound with organisms from the patient’s nose.
An endogenous source of microorganisms for a patient can be the patient's own flora.
A healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is a factor for patients with a surgical wound, an indwelling catheter, or an immunocompromised state.
Vector transmission is the transmission of a disease via an animal or insect.
Immunisation breaks the chain of infection at the susceptible host.
Hand hygiene between patient contact is the most effective way to prevent cross-infection.

Immunity

The lymphatic system carries out the immune response and stores sugars.
The two categories of adaptive immunity are humoral and cellular.
Active artificial immunity is achieved by vaccination.
Active natural immunity is developed after contracting and recovering from a disease.
Covid-19 belongs to the infectious disease classification.
A primary immune deficiency is a congenital condition characterised by failure to develop cellular or humoral immunity due to defective B & T cells.
An autoimmune disorder is a condition where antibodies mistakenly attack the body's own cells and tissues.
A hypersensitivity disorder is an excessive immune response to a previously encountered antigen, producing inflammation and tissue damage.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the immune system's defense mechanisms including the first, second, and third lines of defense against pathogens. This quiz covers various components such as keratin, lysozyme, natural killer cells, inflammation, and lymphocyte response during infections.