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Questions and Answers
What is a treatment option for allergies classified as Type I hypersensitivity?
What is a treatment option for allergies classified as Type I hypersensitivity?
What characterizes anaphylaxis in the context of Type I hypersensitivity?
What characterizes anaphylaxis in the context of Type I hypersensitivity?
What is the primary treatment for anaphylaxis?
What is the primary treatment for anaphylaxis?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Type III)?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Type III)?
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What measures should be taken to manage symptoms in a patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
What measures should be taken to manage symptoms in a patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
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Which stage of HIV disease is characterized by a CD4+ count below 200?
Which stage of HIV disease is characterized by a CD4+ count below 200?
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What is the primary method of transmission for HIV?
What is the primary method of transmission for HIV?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding passive immunity?
Which of the following statements is true regarding passive immunity?
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Flashcards
Immunity Types
Immunity Types
Active immunity develops antibodies after exposure; passive immunity involves antibodies received from another source.
Natural Active Immunity
Natural Active Immunity
Immunity developed by the body through disease exposure, leading to antibody production.
Passive Immunity
Passive Immunity
Immunity acquired from another source, like breastmilk, without personal antibody production.
Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis
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Epinephrine for Anaphylaxis
Epinephrine for Anaphylaxis
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
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Type IV Hypersensitivity
Type IV Hypersensitivity
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Stages of HIV
Stages of HIV
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Study Notes
Immunity
- The immune system protects the body from pathogens.
- The immune system includes various organs and cells.
Immune System Organs
- Lymph nodes
- Tonsils & adenoids
- Thymus
- Appendix
- Spleen
- Peyer's patches
- Bone marrow
Immune System Cells
- The innate immune system includes cells like:
- Neutrophils
- Mast cells
- Natural killer cells
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Macrophages
- Monocytes
- Dendritic cells
- The adaptive immune system includes cells like:
- Memory T cells
- Cytotoxic T cells
- Helper T cells
- B cells
- Plasma cells
- Memory B cells
- Hematopoietic stem cell
- Myeloid progenitor, Lymphocyte progenitor
Immunity: Actively Acquired
- Natural: Antibodies developed after the disease
- Artificial: Antibodies developed through vaccinations, possibly needing boosters.
Immunity: Passively Acquired
- Natural: Antibodies passed on through breast milk.
- Artificial: Antibodies passed on through injection
Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Type I (Immediate): IgE-mediated, occurs within an hour, examples include anaphylaxis
- Type II (Cytotoxic): IgG or IgM-mediated, occurs over hours or days, examples include hemolytic anemia.
- Type III (Immune Complex): Immune complexes, occurs in 1-3 weeks, examples include serum sickness and SLE
- Type IV (Delayed): T-cell mediated, occurs in days to weeks, examples include asthma, contact dermatitis, poison ivy, and local reactions to bites/stings.
Allergies (Type I)
- Inappropriate immune response
- Symptoms include itching, hives, angioedema (swelling of the face, lips, tongue).
- Treatment includes antihistamines
Anaphylaxis (Type I)
- Two or more body systems involved, severe reaction
- Faster onset, usually worse reaction
- Treatment includes epinephrine, steroids, and antihistamines
Anaphylaxis Treatment
- Administer epinephrine (0.3 mg IM for adults, 0.15 mg IM for pediatrics).
- Autoinjectors (EpiPens) are used.
- Administration via the vastus lateralis muscle.
HIV
- Chronic infection harming the immune system.
- Transmission through sexual contact, blood and body fluids, perinatal transmission (pregnancy placenta) breastfeeding.
- Reducing transmission methods are a priority.
Stages of HIV and AIDS Illness
- Stage 0 (Acute): Normal lab values
- Stage 1 (Chronic): CD4+ count > 500
- Stage 2 (Worse): CD4+ count 200-499
- Stage 3 (AIDS): CD4+ count < 200
- The CD4+ T-cell count falling below 200 cells/mL defines AIDS.
Examples of AIDS-Defining Conditions
- Cytomegalovirus retinitis
- Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
- Chronic intestinal cryptosporidiosis
- HIV-related encephalopathy
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (pulmonary or extrapulmonary)
- Invasive cervical cancer
HIV Management
- Prevention of infection
- Monitoring CD4+ counts
- Antiretroviral drugs
- Safe sex practices (condoms, dental dams, water-based lubricants, latex gloves)
- Monitoring for other infections
HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
- Truvada (tenofovir/emtricitabine)
- Daily tablet
- Effective 7 days after starting
- Ineffective if two consecutive doses missed
- Monitor kidney function (renal function)
- HIV test every 3 months.
- Continuous safe sex practices.
Lyme Disease
- Bacterial infection transmitted by ticks ( Borrelia burgdorferi).
- Blacklegged/Deer tick (~Ixodes scapularis)
- Has three stages of illness
- Early Symptoms include flu-like symptoms, fatigue, skin rash (erythema migrans).
- Later stages involve arthritis, neurological problems, and cardiac issues.
Lyme Prevention and Early Detection
- Avoid heavily wooded areas and underbrush.
- Wear light-colored clothing, long sleeves, and long pants.
- Use insect repellent (DEET).
- Check yourself and pets for ticks.
- Remove ticks promptly.
- Report a bite to a physician.
- Wait 4-6 weeks to get tested by a provider.
Transplant Rejection
- Hyperacute Rejection: Minutes to hours after transplant, immune system triggers blood clots in the new organ due to unknown tissue incompatibility.
- Acute Rejection: 1 week to 3 months after transplant; immune system attacks the new organ due to inflammation in blood vessels of transplant organ. Treatable with anti-rejection medication.
- Chronic Rejection: Months to years after transplant; chronic inflammation and scaring of the transplanted organ leads to reduced blood flow and organ failure.
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Description
This quiz covers essential aspects of the immune system, including its organs and cells. Learn about the difference between innate and adaptive immunity, and explore how antibodies can be acquired naturally or artificially. Test your knowledge on key components and functions critical to understanding immunity.
