Immune System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of antibodies?

To identify and fight specific pathogens (correct)

To create barriers against pathogens

To destroy all pathogens indiscriminately

To transport nutrients in the blood

Vaccines are designed to eliminate all pathogens from the body immediately.

False

What are the two types of barriers present in the first line of defense of the immune system?

Physical barriers and chemical barriers

The microscopic infectious agent made of genetic material and proteins is called a ______.

virus Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of pathogen to its description:

Virus = Microscopic infectious agent made of genetic material and proteins Bacteria = Single-celled microbe without a nucleus Antibody = Protein that fights specific pathogens Pathogen = Organism that causes disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a sign of infection?

Nausea Signup and view all the answers

Cilia help trap and eliminate pathogens from the respiratory tract.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one chemical barrier that protects the body from pathogens.

Stomach acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of memory cells in vaccinated individuals?

To attack invading pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Non-vaccinated individuals have antibodies ready to fight pathogens in their system.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name two ways energy is lost by rabbits during their life processes.

Cellular respiration and waste products. Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis produces _______ energy using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.

chemical Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Predator = An organism that hunts other organisms for food Prey = An organism that is hunted for food Symbiotic relationship = A close ecological relationship between two different species Homeostasis = The process of maintaining internal stability in an organism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following systems uses hormones for communication?

Endocrine System Signup and view all the answers

Mammals and reptiles both maintain their temperature through similar homeostatic processes.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of decreased prey population on the predator population?

The predator population would decrease. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immune System

Viruses are microscopic infectious agents made of genetic material and proteins. Chickenpox is a viral example.
Bacteria are single-celled microbes without nuclei. E. coli is an example.
Antibodies are proteins that identify and fight specific pathogens.
Pathogens are microorganisms causing disease (e.g., E. coli, measles virus).
Viruses are composed of genetic material within a protein or fat layer.
The immune system has lines of defense:
- Non-specific defenses (innate immunity) —The first line (skin, mucous membranes, secretions) and second line (antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response, fever) act as general barriers and responses.
- Specific defenses (adaptive immunity) —The third line, using lymphocytes and antibodies, provides targeted responses against specific pathogens. Memory cells are created to fight repeat infections.
Vaccines create memory cells to recognize and fight specific pathogens.
Signs of infections include inflammation, fever, and redness.
The immune system is the body's defense against invading pathogens

Physical and Chemical Barriers

Skin, mucous membranes, and cilia act as physical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body.
Stomach acid, tears, saliva, urine, lysozyme, sebum, and acidic skin pH are chemical barriers, creating an inhospitable environment for many pathogens

Vaccination vs. No Vaccination

Vaccinated people have memory cells with antibodies ready to fight pathogens, preventing severe illness.
Non-vaccinated people don't have these antibodies, making them more susceptible to severe symptoms as their body builds antibodies from scratch

Nervous System

Dendrites are part of a neuron.
Nervous systems process information received from the body then transmit it.

Endocrine System

Hormones, like adrenaline, regulate homeostasis.
Homeostasis is regulated through positive and negative feedback systems.
Mammals regulate their body temperature through homeostasis, which differs from reptiles.
Insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels.

Ecosystem

Predators and prey compete for resources (food, shelter, mates).
Predator-prey interactions can affect the numbers of each species.
Energy transfer decreases from producers to consumers.
Energy is lost through respiration, waste products, and heat in different ecosystems.

Symbiosis

Symbiosis is a relationship where at least one organism benefits.
Mutualism (+/+): both organisms benefit (e.g., oxpeckers and buffalo).
Commensalism (+/0): one organism benefits, the other is unaffected (e.g., shrimp and nudibranch).
Parasitism (+/-): one organism benefits, the other is harmed (e.g., ticks and buffalo).

Predator/Prey Graphs

Removing a predator can increase the population of its prey.
Removing a prey can decrease the population of its predators.

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Description

This quiz covers fundamental concepts about the immune system, including the roles of viruses, bacteria, and antibodies. It discusses innate and adaptive immunity, as well as the importance of vaccines in creating memory cells. Test your knowledge on how the immune system defends against pathogens.