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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of antibodies?
What is the primary role of antibodies?
Vaccines are designed to eliminate all pathogens from the body immediately.
Vaccines are designed to eliminate all pathogens from the body immediately.
False
What are the two types of barriers present in the first line of defense of the immune system?
What are the two types of barriers present in the first line of defense of the immune system?
Physical barriers and chemical barriers
The microscopic infectious agent made of genetic material and proteins is called a ______.
The microscopic infectious agent made of genetic material and proteins is called a ______.
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Match the type of pathogen to its description:
Match the type of pathogen to its description:
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Which of the following is not a sign of infection?
Which of the following is not a sign of infection?
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Cilia help trap and eliminate pathogens from the respiratory tract.
Cilia help trap and eliminate pathogens from the respiratory tract.
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Name one chemical barrier that protects the body from pathogens.
Name one chemical barrier that protects the body from pathogens.
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What is the primary function of memory cells in vaccinated individuals?
What is the primary function of memory cells in vaccinated individuals?
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Non-vaccinated individuals have antibodies ready to fight pathogens in their system.
Non-vaccinated individuals have antibodies ready to fight pathogens in their system.
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Name two ways energy is lost by rabbits during their life processes.
Name two ways energy is lost by rabbits during their life processes.
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Photosynthesis produces _______ energy using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.
Photosynthesis produces _______ energy using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following systems uses hormones for communication?
Which of the following systems uses hormones for communication?
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Mammals and reptiles both maintain their temperature through similar homeostatic processes.
Mammals and reptiles both maintain their temperature through similar homeostatic processes.
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What is one effect of decreased prey population on the predator population?
What is one effect of decreased prey population on the predator population?
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Study Notes
Immune System
- Viruses are microscopic infectious agents made of genetic material and proteins. Chickenpox is a viral example.
- Bacteria are single-celled microbes without nuclei. E. coli is an example.
- Antibodies are proteins that identify and fight specific pathogens.
- Pathogens are microorganisms causing disease (e.g., E. coli, measles virus).
- Viruses are composed of genetic material within a protein or fat layer.
- The immune system has lines of defense:
- Non-specific defenses (innate immunity) —The first line (skin, mucous membranes, secretions) and second line (antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response, fever) act as general barriers and responses.
- Specific defenses (adaptive immunity) —The third line, using lymphocytes and antibodies, provides targeted responses against specific pathogens. Memory cells are created to fight repeat infections.
- Vaccines create memory cells to recognize and fight specific pathogens.
- Signs of infections include inflammation, fever, and redness.
- The immune system is the body's defense against invading pathogens
Physical and Chemical Barriers
- Skin, mucous membranes, and cilia act as physical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body.
- Stomach acid, tears, saliva, urine, lysozyme, sebum, and acidic skin pH are chemical barriers, creating an inhospitable environment for many pathogens
Vaccination vs. No Vaccination
- Vaccinated people have memory cells with antibodies ready to fight pathogens, preventing severe illness.
- Non-vaccinated people don't have these antibodies, making them more susceptible to severe symptoms as their body builds antibodies from scratch
Nervous System
- Dendrites are part of a neuron.
- Nervous systems process information received from the body then transmit it.
Endocrine System
- Hormones, like adrenaline, regulate homeostasis.
- Homeostasis is regulated through positive and negative feedback systems.
- Mammals regulate their body temperature through homeostasis, which differs from reptiles.
- Insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels.
Ecosystem
- Predators and prey compete for resources (food, shelter, mates).
- Predator-prey interactions can affect the numbers of each species.
- Energy transfer decreases from producers to consumers.
- Energy is lost through respiration, waste products, and heat in different ecosystems.
Symbiosis
- Symbiosis is a relationship where at least one organism benefits.
- Mutualism (+/+): both organisms benefit (e.g., oxpeckers and buffalo).
- Commensalism (+/0): one organism benefits, the other is unaffected (e.g., shrimp and nudibranch).
- Parasitism (+/-): one organism benefits, the other is harmed (e.g., ticks and buffalo).
Predator/Prey Graphs
- Removing a predator can increase the population of its prey.
- Removing a prey can decrease the population of its predators.
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Description
This quiz covers fundamental concepts about the immune system, including the roles of viruses, bacteria, and antibodies. It discusses innate and adaptive immunity, as well as the importance of vaccines in creating memory cells. Test your knowledge on how the immune system defends against pathogens.
