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Immune System Overview and Lymphocyte Function
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Immune System Overview and Lymphocyte Function

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@StainlessCharoite

Questions and Answers

What role do helper T cells play in the immune response?

  • They directly attack infected body cells.
  • They present antigens to macrophages.
  • They produce antibodies against pathogens.
  • They activate cytotoxic T cells and stimulate B cells. (correct)

    • How do monoclonal antibodies like Herceptin treat cancer?

  • They promote the growth of cancer cells.
  • They stimulate the immune system to attack all tumors.
  • They directly kill all cells in the body.
  • They bind to growth-factor receptors on cancer cells. (correct)

    • What is the primary function of cytotoxic T cells?

  • To attack and destroy infected body cells. (correct)
  • To stimulate helper T cells.
  • To present antigens to other immune cells.
  • To produce antibodies against pathogens.

    • What process allows antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to display foreign antigens?

    <p>They ingest and process the pathogen into smaller pieces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the interaction between helper T cells and APCs crucial for the immune response?

    <p>It activates helper T cells, triggering a broader immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity do T cells primarily contribute to?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the role of B cells from that of T cells in the immune response?

    <p>B cells fight pathogens outside of the body’s cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential future application of monoclonal antibodies is mentioned?

    <p>Attaching cell-killing drugs to cancer-specific monoclonal antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of B cells in the immune system?

    <p>To secrete antibodies for humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do T cells contribute to the immune response?

    <p>By promoting the activity of B cells and other white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a mature B cell first encounters a specific antigen?

    <p>It differentiates further and matures to respond to the antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the immune system in terms of lymphocytes?

    <p>It is capable of recognizing and binding to a vast array of antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity cannot be transferred through the injection of blood plasma?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the process of Clonal Selection in the immune system?

    <p>Exposure to a specific antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of antigens is responsible for eliciting an immune response?

    <p>Proteins or polysaccharides on the surface of foreign cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are antigen-binding sites on antibodies characterized by?

    <p>Specific shapes that complement antigenic determinants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do B cells primarily develop before maturing?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity involves T cells directly attacking infected body cells?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of helper T cells once activated?

    <p>To promote the immune response through secretion of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do T cell receptors recognize the self-nonself complex on an APC?

    <p>Using two binding sites, one for the antigen and one for the self protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Interleukin-2 have on T helper cells?

    <p>It promotes their growth and division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the activation of Cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>The recognition of the self-nonself complex on an infected cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Perforin in the immune response?

    <p>To create holes in the membranes of infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of T cells are responsible for killing infected body cells?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the activation of a T helper cell when it recognizes an APC?

    <p>Binding of the T cell receptor to the self-nonself complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins enhances the activation of T cells?

    <p>Interleukin-1 secreted by APCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using immunosuppressive drugs after an organ transplant?

    <p>To minimize rejection of the transplanted organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune disease involves the immune system producing antibodies against DNA?

    <p>Systemic lupus erythematosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential negative effect of using immunosuppressive drugs?

    <p>Reduced immune response leading to higher infection risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition does multiple sclerosis primarily affect?

    <p>Myelin sheaths of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) responsible for?

    <p>Identifying and presenting foreign antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of using monoclonal antibodies in transplant rejection prevention?

    <p>To specifically target and destroy T cells that attack the transplant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are immunodeficiency diseases characterized by?

    <p>Defects in one or more components of the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune disease targets the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas?

    <p>Insulin-dependent diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune cells are inactive in individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)?

    <p>Both B cells and T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cancer type is associated with depression of the immune system due to its effect on lymphocytes?

    <p>Hodgkin’s Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stress affect the immune system according to the study on students?

    <p>Reduces Natural Killer cell effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of allergens?

    <p>They are typically protein molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the first stage of an allergic reaction?

    <p>Sensitization on first exposure to an allergen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mast cells in allergic reactions?

    <p>They trigger inflammation by releasing histamine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom commonly associated with allergies?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of emotional stress on the immune system?

    <p>Heightened sensitivity to infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immune System Overview

    • Immature lymphocytes develop into B cells in the bone marrow and T cells in the thymus.
    • Both B and T cells migrate to lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs via the bloodstream.

    B Cells and Humoral Immunity

    • B cells secrete antibodies, contributing to humoral immunity which primarily combats bacteria and viruses in bodily fluids.
    • Humoral immunity can be transferred from an immune to a non-immune individual through blood plasma injections.

    T Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity

    • T cells provide cell-mediated immunity, which cannot be transferred through plasma; actual T cells must be given to a non-immune person.
    • T cells attack infected body cells and are crucial for fighting infections from fungi and protozoa, as well as cancerous cells.

    Development and Diversity of Lymphocytes

    • B and T cells develop antigen receptors in the bone marrow and thymus, respectively, allowing them to bind to specific antigens.
    • Individuals have between 100 million to 100 billion distinct lymphocyte types, preparing for a wide variety of antigens.

    Antigens and Antibody Binding

    • Antigens typically consist of proteins or polysaccharides from viruses and foreign cells, stimulating immune responses.
    • Antigen-binding sites on antibodies correspond to specific antigenic determinants, enabling multiple antibodies to be produced against a single antigen.

    Clonal Selection and Immune Response

    • Clonal selection allows the immune system to respond to an endless variety of antigens by activating specific lymphocytes in response to an antigen’s introduction.

    Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer Treatment

    • Monoclonal antibodies, like Herceptin, target specific growth-factor receptors in cancer cells to inhibit their proliferation.
    • Future treatments may involve merging monoclonal antibodies with cell-killing drugs for targeted therapy.

    T Cells Function in Immune Response

    • There are two primary T cell types: Cytotoxic T cells, which destroy infected cells, and Helper T cells, which activate other immune cells including B cells.
    • Helper T cells enhance the immune response through the secretion of cytokines like Interleukin-2 (IL-2).

    Action of Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

    • APCs process and present foreign antigens to Helper T cells, essential for recognizing and stimulating an immune response.

    Cytotoxic T Cells Mechanism

    • Cytotoxic T cells recognize and bind to infected cells through the self-non-self complex, initiating cell death via the release of Perforin.

    Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

    • MHC plays a crucial role in distinguishing self from non-self molecules; mismatches can cause transplant rejection.
    • Immunosuppressive drugs are used to reduce rejection but may compromise overall immune function.

    Autoimmune Diseases

    • Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues, leading to conditions like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis.

    Immunodeficiency Disorders

    • These disorders arise from defects in the immune system, causing heightened susceptibility to infections.
    • Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) exemplifies a condition where both B and T cells are inactive.

    Effects of Stress on the Immune System

    • Physical and emotional stress weaken immune function, as evidenced by reduced activity of Natural Killer cells during stressful periods.

    Allergies and Immune Reactions

    • Allergies are hypersensitivities to environmental antigens known as allergens, provoking rapid immune responses.
    • The allergic reaction consists of two stages: sensitization, where antibodies bind to mast cells, and the subsequent inflammatory response.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamental aspects of the immune system, focusing on the development and roles of B cells and T cells. B cells are vital for humoral immunity, while T cells are essential for cell-mediated immunity. Understand how these lymphocytes contribute to the body's defenses against infections and how their functions differ.

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