Immune System Overview and Lymphocyte Function
42 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What role do helper T cells play in the immune response?

  • They directly attack infected body cells.
  • They present antigens to macrophages.
  • They produce antibodies against pathogens.
  • They activate cytotoxic T cells and stimulate B cells. (correct)

    • How do monoclonal antibodies like Herceptin treat cancer?

  • They promote the growth of cancer cells.
  • They stimulate the immune system to attack all tumors.
  • They directly kill all cells in the body.
  • They bind to growth-factor receptors on cancer cells. (correct)

    • What is the primary function of cytotoxic T cells?

  • To attack and destroy infected body cells. (correct)
  • To stimulate helper T cells.
  • To present antigens to other immune cells.
  • To produce antibodies against pathogens.

    • What process allows antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to display foreign antigens?

    <p>They ingest and process the pathogen into smaller pieces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the interaction between helper T cells and APCs crucial for the immune response?

    <p>It activates helper T cells, triggering a broader immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity do T cells primarily contribute to?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the role of B cells from that of T cells in the immune response?

    <p>B cells fight pathogens outside of the body’s cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential future application of monoclonal antibodies is mentioned?

    <p>Attaching cell-killing drugs to cancer-specific monoclonal antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of B cells in the immune system?

    <p>To secrete antibodies for humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do T cells contribute to the immune response?

    <p>By promoting the activity of B cells and other white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a mature B cell first encounters a specific antigen?

    <p>It differentiates further and matures to respond to the antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the immune system in terms of lymphocytes?

    <p>It is capable of recognizing and binding to a vast array of antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity cannot be transferred through the injection of blood plasma?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the process of Clonal Selection in the immune system?

    <p>Exposure to a specific antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of antigens is responsible for eliciting an immune response?

    <p>Proteins or polysaccharides on the surface of foreign cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are antigen-binding sites on antibodies characterized by?

    <p>Specific shapes that complement antigenic determinants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do B cells primarily develop before maturing?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity involves T cells directly attacking infected body cells?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of helper T cells once activated?

    <p>To promote the immune response through secretion of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do T cell receptors recognize the self-nonself complex on an APC?

    <p>Using two binding sites, one for the antigen and one for the self protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Interleukin-2 have on T helper cells?

    <p>It promotes their growth and division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the activation of Cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>The recognition of the self-nonself complex on an infected cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Perforin in the immune response?

    <p>To create holes in the membranes of infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of T cells are responsible for killing infected body cells?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the activation of a T helper cell when it recognizes an APC?

    <p>Binding of the T cell receptor to the self-nonself complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins enhances the activation of T cells?

    <p>Interleukin-1 secreted by APCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using immunosuppressive drugs after an organ transplant?

    <p>To minimize rejection of the transplanted organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune disease involves the immune system producing antibodies against DNA?

    <p>Systemic lupus erythematosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential negative effect of using immunosuppressive drugs?

    <p>Reduced immune response leading to higher infection risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition does multiple sclerosis primarily affect?

    <p>Myelin sheaths of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) responsible for?

    <p>Identifying and presenting foreign antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of using monoclonal antibodies in transplant rejection prevention?

    <p>To specifically target and destroy T cells that attack the transplant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are immunodeficiency diseases characterized by?

    <p>Defects in one or more components of the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune disease targets the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas?

    <p>Insulin-dependent diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune cells are inactive in individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)?

    <p>Both B cells and T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cancer type is associated with depression of the immune system due to its effect on lymphocytes?

    <p>Hodgkin’s Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stress affect the immune system according to the study on students?

    <p>Reduces Natural Killer cell effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of allergens?

    <p>They are typically protein molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the first stage of an allergic reaction?

    <p>Sensitization on first exposure to an allergen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mast cells in allergic reactions?

    <p>They trigger inflammation by releasing histamine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom commonly associated with allergies?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of emotional stress on the immune system?

    <p>Heightened sensitivity to infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immune System Overview

    • Immature lymphocytes develop into B cells in the bone marrow and T cells in the thymus.
    • Both B and T cells migrate to lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs via the bloodstream.

    B Cells and Humoral Immunity

    • B cells secrete antibodies, contributing to humoral immunity which primarily combats bacteria and viruses in bodily fluids.
    • Humoral immunity can be transferred from an immune to a non-immune individual through blood plasma injections.

    T Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity

    • T cells provide cell-mediated immunity, which cannot be transferred through plasma; actual T cells must be given to a non-immune person.
    • T cells attack infected body cells and are crucial for fighting infections from fungi and protozoa, as well as cancerous cells.

    Development and Diversity of Lymphocytes

    • B and T cells develop antigen receptors in the bone marrow and thymus, respectively, allowing them to bind to specific antigens.
    • Individuals have between 100 million to 100 billion distinct lymphocyte types, preparing for a wide variety of antigens.

    Antigens and Antibody Binding

    • Antigens typically consist of proteins or polysaccharides from viruses and foreign cells, stimulating immune responses.
    • Antigen-binding sites on antibodies correspond to specific antigenic determinants, enabling multiple antibodies to be produced against a single antigen.

    Clonal Selection and Immune Response

    • Clonal selection allows the immune system to respond to an endless variety of antigens by activating specific lymphocytes in response to an antigen’s introduction.

    Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer Treatment

    • Monoclonal antibodies, like Herceptin, target specific growth-factor receptors in cancer cells to inhibit their proliferation.
    • Future treatments may involve merging monoclonal antibodies with cell-killing drugs for targeted therapy.

    T Cells Function in Immune Response

    • There are two primary T cell types: Cytotoxic T cells, which destroy infected cells, and Helper T cells, which activate other immune cells including B cells.
    • Helper T cells enhance the immune response through the secretion of cytokines like Interleukin-2 (IL-2).

    Action of Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

    • APCs process and present foreign antigens to Helper T cells, essential for recognizing and stimulating an immune response.

    Cytotoxic T Cells Mechanism

    • Cytotoxic T cells recognize and bind to infected cells through the self-non-self complex, initiating cell death via the release of Perforin.

    Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

    • MHC plays a crucial role in distinguishing self from non-self molecules; mismatches can cause transplant rejection.
    • Immunosuppressive drugs are used to reduce rejection but may compromise overall immune function.

    Autoimmune Diseases

    • Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues, leading to conditions like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis.

    Immunodeficiency Disorders

    • These disorders arise from defects in the immune system, causing heightened susceptibility to infections.
    • Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) exemplifies a condition where both B and T cells are inactive.

    Effects of Stress on the Immune System

    • Physical and emotional stress weaken immune function, as evidenced by reduced activity of Natural Killer cells during stressful periods.

    Allergies and Immune Reactions

    • Allergies are hypersensitivities to environmental antigens known as allergens, provoking rapid immune responses.
    • The allergic reaction consists of two stages: sensitization, where antibodies bind to mast cells, and the subsequent inflammatory response.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    HBI 014 Week 4 lecture immunology Final.pptx

    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamental aspects of the immune system, focusing on the development and roles of B cells and T cells. B cells are vital for humoral immunity, while T cells are essential for cell-mediated immunity. Understand how these lymphocytes contribute to the body's defenses against infections and how their functions differ.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser